Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41051646›Full record

ArticleMaternal and child health journal2025

Prevalence and Co-occurring Developmental, Neurological, and Mental Health Conditions of Cerebral Palsy Among Children in the United States: 2016-2021.

Lin H Tian, Sarah C Tinker, Lauren A Russell, Laurel Joncas-Schronce, Melissa L Danielson, Asha Z Ivey-Stephenson, April D Summers, Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp, Matthew J Maenner

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In one paragraph

Article in Maternal and child health journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Lin H TianNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS S106-4, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA. bsr4@cdc.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7788-3265
Sarah C TinkerNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS S106-4, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
Lauren A RussellNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS S106-4, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
Laurel Joncas-SchronceNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS S106-4, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
Melissa L DanielsonNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS S106-4, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
Asha Z Ivey-StephensonNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS S106-4, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
April D SummersNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS S106-4, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
Marshalyn Yeargin-AllsoppNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS S106-4, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
Matthew J MaennerNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS S106-4, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.

Funding

Intramural CDC HHS CC999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionMonitoring cerebral palsy (CP) prevalence and co-occurring conditions is crucial for planning lifelong support, but recent national estimates are somewhat limited.

methodsWe analyzed data on U.S. children aged 2-17 years from the 2016-2021 National Survey of Children's Health, conducted annually using a cross-sectional design, to calculate nationally representative prevalence estimates of ever-diagnosed CP, overall and by selected demographic and perinatal characteristics. Three-year estimates were compared to evaluate changes over time. Co-occurring conditions were assessed among children aged 3-17 years with a current CP diagnosis. We estimated prevalence ratios (PR) to quantify differences between groups.

resultsThe overall prevalence of CP was 3.1 per 1,000 children, with a higher prevalence among boys (3.6/1,000) than girls (2.5/1,000) and children born with low and very low birthweight (46.6 and 7.1/1,000, respectively) and premature (12.7/1,000); differences by race/ethnicity did not reach statistical significance (non-Hispanic [NH] White: 2.9, NH Black: 4.2, and NH other: 4.5/1,000. There were no clear changes in CP prevalence over time, but caregiver-rated severe CP increased from 16.8% (2016-2018) to 30.3% (2019-2021). Most children with CP had at least one co-occurring condition, about four times more prevalent than in children without CP, with the largest differences for intellectual disability (PR = 43) and epilepsy or seizure disorder (PR = 69). DISCUSSION: There is a significantly higher prevalence of co-occurring developmental, neurological, and mental health conditions among children with CP compared to those without, highlighting the diverse services and resources that may be needed to optimally support this population as they transition into adulthood.

Indexed as

Cerebral PalsyDevelopmental DisabilitiesMental DisordersAdolescentChildChild, PreschoolComorbidityCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMalePrevalenceUnited StatesCerebral palsyChildrenCo-occurring conditionsNational survey of children’s healthPrevalence

Identifiers

PMID41051646
PMCPMC12867276

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.