Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41051577›Full record

ArticleApplied psychophysiology and biofeedback2026

Evaluating a Group-Based Temperature Biofeedback and Pain Education Intervention: Preliminary Report on Effects on Peripheral Temperature and Pain Outcomes.

Jill C Penman, Lindsay G Flegge, Kristina M Bogdan, Michael A Bushey

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Article in Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Jill C PenmanIndiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA. jcpenman@iu.edu.ORCID 0009-0005-1406-2813
Lindsay G FleggeIndiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8757-0721
Kristina M BogdanDepartment of Psychology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8960-8271
Michael A BusheyIndiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5974-0877

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This retrospective study analyzes the effects of Mind Meter-a session of group-delivered pain neuroscience education (PNE) paired with temperature biofeedback-on peripheral temperature and pain outcomes in chronic pain participants. A retrospective review assessed physiological and subjective responses to this novel group intervention. Before and immediately after the intervention, peripheral skin temperature and pain related symptom scores were collected using an adapted Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS). Participants (n = 35) with chronic pain participated in a single 2-h Mind Meter group. Significant pre-post changes were seen in both physiological and subjective symptom severity. Peripheral temperature increased 2.30°F (95% CI 1.05, 3.54; p < 0.001) on average. Participants reported a mean reduction in pain intensity of -1.14 points (95% CI -1.61, -0.068; p < 0.001). Sadness, anxiety, and well-being on the ESAS also improved significantly (highest p = 0.001). In this study we observed that after a single group-session of Mind Meter, participants generated immediate, measurable physiological changes attributable to alterations in the autonomic nervous system, modest pain relief, and overall symptom improvement. This brief, group format provides a novel option that makes PNE and biofeedback a potentially accessible complementary modality.

Indexed as

Biofeedback, PsychologyChronic PainPain ManagementPatient Education as TopicSkin TemperatureAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPain MeasurementRetrospective StudiesBiofeedbackChronic painComplementary and alternative medicinePain neuroscience education

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.