ReviewiScience2025
Extracellular vesicles: Antiviral functions and applications in therapeutics and vaccines.
Review in iScience, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Extracellular Vesicles as Molecular Regulators of Viral Infection: Implications for COVID-19 and Future Viral Pandemics.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Microfluidic Platforms for Exosome Engineering: Scalable Therapeutics for Cancer Immunotherapy and Infectious Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Unveiling the role of extracellular vesicles in HIV infection: molecular mechanisms, viral persistence, and therapeutic opportunities.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- The role of extracellular vesicles in intercellular communication within the oral cavity.Journal of oral microbiology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membranous vesicles secreted by nearly all cell types, exhibiting dual regulatory mechanisms during viral infection: they facilitate infection spread by packaging whole infectious viral particles or functional viral genomes while concurrently delivering immunoactive substances to participate in host antiviral immune responses. Additionally, EVs themselves can exert direct antiviral effects, such as by competing with virions for binding to host cell receptors such as phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor. As natural nanocarriers, EVs have emerged as novel therapeutic delivery vehicles owing to their superior biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and efficient penetration across physiological barriers. Through engineering strategies such as surface modification and cargo loading, EVs enable targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, including antiviral molecules and gene-editing tools, effectively suppressing viral replication and enhancing host immune responses. Furthermore, their unique antigen-presenting mechanisms and immunostimulatory properties underscore significant potential in vaccine development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.