SynthesisFrontiers in immunology2025
The miRNA-immune axis in bladder cancer: systematic evidence for a new era of immunotherapy precision.
Synthesis in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Bladder cancer (BC) is a complex disease with patients showing widely variable responses to treatment. While immunotherapy has recently emerged as a promising alternative to the standard platinum-based chemotherapy, especially for platinum-resistant tumors, clinicians still lack reliable biomarkers to predict which patients will truly benefit from immunotherapy. Aim: This systematic review aimed to explore whether miRNAs could help decode the immune landscape of BC and serve as predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy response. Methods: A total of 3,272 articles were systematically screened on medical databases and narrowed down to 37 studies that examined the relationship between miRNAs, immune cell infiltration, and patient outcomes in BC. To further strengthen and validate our findings, we analyzed large-scale genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-BLCA). Results: A total of 104 different miRNAs appeared to shape the BC immune microenvironment. Some studies also linked miRNA expression with clinical outcomes such as BCG therapy response and prognosis, while others dissected the molecular pathways. Further analyses established miR-155, miR-142, and miR-146b as key factors for CD4 Conclusion: miRNAs are emerging as powerful regulators of the immune microenvironment of BC. However, despite growing evidence, to date, no studies have directly explored miRNA profiles in driving immunotherapeutic decisions. Our findings highlight the need for prospective studies to translate these molecular insights into personalized treatment strategies.
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