ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Extracellular vesicles in head and neck cancer: mediators of oncogenesis, immune evasion, and therapy resistance.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Bio-boosting transplants: a systematic review on biopolymers in vascular composite allotransplantation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Factors associated with readmission following reconstruction in head and neck skin cancer: a national readmission database analysis.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- The pre-metastatic niche: mechanisms, heterogeneity, and therapeutic opportunities.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Evidence for microvesicle particles and platelet-activating factor as effectors for systemic effects of thermal burn injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Harnessing Natural Extracellular Vesicles to Combat Age-Related Diseases: From Aging Drivers to Therapeutic Opportunities.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a clinically challenging malignancy due to its intratumoral heterogeneity, aggressive progression, and resistance to multimodal treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-including exosomes and microvesicles-have gained attention as active contributors to these phenotypes by mediating intercellular signaling and molecular cargo transfer. HNSCC-derived EVs carry oncogenic and drug resistance proteins, along with microRNAs that promote immune evasion and EMT. Enrichment of microRNAs including miR-21, miR-214, and miR-221/222 within EVs supports angiogenesis, apoptosis evasion, and immune suppression. EV-associated PD-L1 impairs antigen presentation and T cell activity, contributing to resistance to checkpoint blockade. Additionally, EVs promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix remodeling, facilitating invasion and pre-metastatic niche formation. Through modulation of T cell function, macrophage polarization, and stromal recruitment, EVs help establish an immune-tolerant microenvironment. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the mechanistic roles of EVs in HNSCC and discusses their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.