ArticleClinical epidemiology2025
Association Between Pneumonia Risk and Anticholinergic Burden Among Patients with Different Frailty Levels.
Article in Clinical epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association Between Pneumonia Risk and Anticholinergic Burden Among Patients with Different Frailty Levels [Response to Letter].Clinical epidemiology · 2026Article
- Association Between Pneumonia Risk and Anticholinergic Burden Among Patients with Different Frailty Levels [Letter].Clinical epidemiology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to evaluate the association between recent increase in anticholinergic burden and risk of hospitalised pneumonia, taking frailty levels into consideration. Setting: We conducted a case-crossover study using data drawn from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Participants: We enrolled patients aged over 65 years old who were hospitalised for pneumonia between 2011 and 2020. Exclusion criteria included prior diagnosis of ventilator dependency, pneumonia and immune dysfunction. Measurements: The observational period was divided into a hazard period, a washout period and one of four reference periods, based on the 30-day interval before the admission. We calculated the anticholinergic cognitive burden (ACB) scale for the hazard period and one randomly selected reference period. Using a multimorbidity frailty index we classified patients into four groups (ie, fit, mildly frail, moderately frail and very frail). Statistical Analysis: We used conditional logistic regression to evaluate the risk of pneumonia by comparing the anticholinergic burden between the hazard window and the randomly selected reference window and conducted sensitivity analyses based on case-time control and case-case-time control analysis to examine the robustness of the findings. Results: The fit group included 188,740 patients, followed by 133,038, 61,805 and 18,198 patients for the mildly, moderately and very frail groups, respectively. Each single point increase in ACB scale was associated with a pneumonia risk increase by 1.35 (95% CI: 1.34-1.35), 1.24 (95% CI: 1.24-1.24), 1.18 (95% CI: 1.17-1.18) and 1.12 (95% CI: 1.11-1.13) times in the fit and mildly, moderately and very frail groups, respectively. The results of the case-time control and case-case-time control analyses remained consistent with the main analysis. Conclusion: Our study confirmed the association between recently elevated ACB and the risk of hospitalised pneumonia. Even in the less frail, exposure to anticholinergic drugs warrants close monitoring for pneumonia.
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