ReviewFrontiers in neurology2025
The immunological landscape of traumatic brain injury: insights from pathophysiology to experimental models.
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance-triggered PANoptosis in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury: from mechanism to therapeutic strategies.Redox biology · 2026Review
- Herpes simplex virus encephalitis following acute brain injury: illustrative cases.Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons · 2026Article
- Targeting Peptidylarginine Deiminases in Neurons and Astrocytes in Central Nervous System Injury-Effects of Pan-PAD Inhibitor Cl-Amidine in an Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Model of Ischaemia (OGD/R) and LPS Stimulation In Vitro.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Genetic Determinants of T-Cell Homeostasis in Critical Illness: An Exploratory Analysis of Immune Gene Variants and TREC Dynamics.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Article
- Brain-bone Crosstalk after Neurotrauma: Dual Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on Skeletal Remodeling.Current osteoporosis reports · 2026Review
- Ultrasound Activated Piezoelectric Dural Patches to Drive Endogenous Neural Stem Cell-Mediated Repair Traumatic Brain Injury.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- The Role of Cytokines in Traumatic Brain Injury.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Precision Immunotherapeutics for Glioblastoma: Current Approaches and Emerging Strategies in 2026.Cells · 2026Review
- Neurosurgery as an immune anchor point: a translational framework for perioperative immunoengineering.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Risk warning of systemic immune-inflammation index and coagulation parameters for hospital-acquired pneumonia in patients with traumatic brain injury.American journal of translational research · 2026Article
- Diagnostic challenge of GAD65-associated autoimmune encephalitis mimicking post-traumatic complications in an older adult: a case report.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Th17 cells and IL-17A in traumatic brain injury: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Temporal Dynamics of Inflammatory, Glial, and Metabolic Biomarkers Following Severe Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury in a Rat Model.Biomedicines · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex, heterogeneous neuropathological disease that continues to be among the prominent causes of mortality and disability around the world. Translational success in TBI has been significant, yet therapies are limited as the intersection of the initial mechanical traumas and secondary neuroinflammatory cascades, which predispose to long-term neurological deficits, is poorly understood. The pathogenesis of TBI is not limited to the primary mechanical injury. The secondary damage, including ischemia, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and immune dysfunction, leads to neuronal apoptosis, the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and chronic neuroinflammation. The preclinical controlled cortical impact (CCI) and fluid percussion injury (FPI) TBI models have generated valuable biomechanical data related to TBI-induced immune responses, including microglial priming, astrocyte dysregulation, and peripheral leukocyte recruitment. However, experimental models today are unable to completely replicate the intricate immune cascades in human TBI, particularly delayed and context-specific innate and adaptive immune response activation. Cytokine signaling (IL-1β, TNF-
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