ReviewCureus2025
Challenges and Opportunities of Early Parkinson's Disease Biomarkers: α-Synuclein, Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2), DJ-1, and microRNAs.
Review in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Rab8a dysregulation in Parkinson's disease: A convergence of genetic and molecular pathologies.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuron loss, leading to motor symptoms (tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability) and non-motor symptoms (autonomic dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction, olfactory dysfunction, mood disorders such as depression). Pathologically, PD involves Lewy bodies, aggregates of phosphorylated α-synuclein (α-Syn) driven by genetic or environmental factors. α-Syn, detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and saliva, is a promising biomarker for early diagnosis and monitoring. Other candidates, including leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), DJ-1, and microRNAs (miRNAs), reflect genetic, oxidative stress, and gene regulatory changes in PD. Ideal biomarkers should be sensitive, specific, non-invasive, and track disease progression. However, PD's heterogeneity, biofluid variability (e.g., hemolysis), methodological inconsistencies, and the need for large-scale validation pose challenges. Standardization of sample collection, assays, and cohort characterization is critical for clinical application. This review evaluates α-Syn, LRRK2, DJ-1, and miRNAs, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and potential. Advanced assays targeting specific α-Syn species, LRRK2 kinase activity, oxidized DJ-1, and miRNA panels, alongside non-invasive matrices (saliva, skin, retina) and multi-biomarker approaches, offer significant opportunities for early detection and therapy monitoring, warranting further research and standardization.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.