ArticleDental research and oral health2025
Comparative Effects of Cigarette Smoke and E-Cigarette Vapor on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Unraveling Distinct Molecular Pathways.
Article in Dental research and oral health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Sweet apple e-cigarette vapor differentially modulates the mTOR pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) poses a significant global health burden, driven by cigarette smoking and complicated by the rising popularity of e-cigarettes. This study compares the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and e-cigarette vapor extract (EVE) on OSCC progression using Ca9-22 gingival OSCC cells. CSE significantly increased cell invasion by upregulating the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9, MMP-13), facilitating extracellular matrix degradation and metastasis. Conversely, the effects of EVE varied by flavor and nicotine content. Red Hot EVE (cinnamaldehyde-based) enhanced invasion and NF-κB levels with nicotine while reducing MMP-9 expression, suggesting alternative invasion pathways via MMP-13. Green Apple EVE had a less pronounced impact, indicating flavor-specific bioactivity. These findings reveal distinct mechanisms: CSE drives RAGE-NF-κB-MMP-mediated invasion, whereas EVE elicits variable, flavor-dependent responses, potentially involving nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Targeted therapies, such as RAGE or NF-κB inhibitors, could mitigate tobacco-related OSCC progression. With e-cigarette use surging among youth, stricter regulations on flavored products and robust public health campaigns are urgently needed. Future research should investigate chronic exposures and diverse OSCC models to refine clinical and regulatory approaches, addressing the evolving landscape of tobacco-related oral cancers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.