ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Global, regional, and national burdens of MDR-TB attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021 with a prediction from 2022 to 2050.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Drug-resistant tuberculosis and pulmonary co-infections in immunocompromised patients: from multi-omics to precision therapy.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- The disease burden attributable to tobacco use in China and its provinces from 1990-2023: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.Military Medical Research · 2026Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: The aim was to offer a comprehensive epidemiological assessment of the global prevalence and the smoking-related Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) disease burden from 1990 to 2021 and to forecast the trends in smoking burden over three decades. Methods: We compared the burden of smoking-related MDR-TB and temporal trends by gender, age, socio-demographic index (SDI), region, and country. Forecasting analyses of the changing trend in the burden of smoking-related MDR-TB up to 2050 was conducted based on the ARIMA model and ES models. Results: The global age-standardized rate (ASR) of smoking-related MDR-TB increased from 1990 to 2021, highlighting a significant disease burden. In 2021, the cumulative Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to MDR-TB tallied up to 239,707 cases, with Lesotho, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, bearing the brunt. The likelihood of developing MDR-TB rose as individuals advanced in years, manifesting most acutely among men aged 35-39 in lower SDI and Low-middle SDI regions. Predictive analysis suggests that by 2050, deaths and DALYs of smoking-related MDR-TB, as well as their corresponding ASR, will continue to decrease. Conclusion: The burden of MDR-TB worldwide, adjusted for age, and related to smoking, has shown a decline from 1990 to 2021. However, regional disparities have been identified, with some areas experiencing an increase in this burden. These regions with a higher burden emphasize the necessity for the implementation of strong tobacco control measures.
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