Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41047678›Full record

ArticleCurrent medicinal chemistry2026

Apolipoprotein A1 and Lipoprotein(a) as Biomarkers for the "Penumbra Freezing" in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Insights From a Case-Control and Mendelian Randomization Study.

Jianyu Liu, Zhiyao Xu, Yang Wen, Xing Guo, Xiaoyang Chen, Da Liu, Linyan Li, Hua Liu

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Current medicinal chemistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Jianyu LiuDepartment of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu,The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Zhiyao XuDepartment of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu,The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Yang WenDepartment of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu,The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Xing GuoInstitute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Xiaoyang ChenDepartment of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu,The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Da LiuDepartment of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.
Linyan LiDepartment of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China.
Hua LiuDepartment of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu,The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introduction"Penumbra freezing" aims to extend vascular recanalization treatment to acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients beyond the standard time window by preserving the ischemic penumbra. Efficient biomarkers are crucial for identifying patients eligible for AIS treatment.

methodsThis study enrolled 141 AIS patients who exceeded the conventional treatment window. Using CT perfusion imaging, patients were categorized into "penumbra freezing" and "non-penumbra freezing" groups based on the EXTEND criteria. Multiple regression analysis assessed the association of nine baseline factors and five blood lipid indicators with "penumbra freezing." Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using ROC curves. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis validated these findings using blood lipid indicators as exposures and penumbra biomarkers as outcomes.

resultsAmong AIS patients beyond the treatment window, males exhibited better penumbra preservation (OR=0.243, 95% CI=0.072-0.813, p=0.022), while those with hyperlipidemia showed poorer preservation (OR=2.429, 95% CI=1.027-7.747, p=0.043). In the "penumbra freezing" group, ApoA1 levels were significantly lower (1.29 ± 0.03 g/L) compared to the "non-penumbra freezing" group (1.42 ± 0.06 g/L, p=0.034). Conversely, Lp(a) levels were significantly higher in the "penumbra freezing" group (304.63 ± 52.44 mg/L) than in the "non-penumbra freezing" group (110.26 ± 40.71 mg/L, p=0.034). Higher ApoA1 levels increased the likelihood of "non-penumbra freezing" beyond the time window (OR=3.206, 95% CI=1.034-9.938, p=0.044), while elevated Lp(a) levels reduced this likelihood (OR=0.075, 95% CI=0.007-0.848, p=0.036). MR analysis confirmed genetic associations of ApoA1 and Lp(a) with penumbra biomarkers. DISCUSSION: ApoA1 and Lp(a) may be linked to ischemic penumbra status, but further validation is needed due to limitations in sample size and study methodology.

conclusionApoA1 and Lp(a) are promising biomarkers for identifying AIS patients eligible for "penumbra freezing," suggesting the potential to extend the treatment window.

Indexed as

Apolipoprotein A-IIschemic StrokeLipoprotein(a)AgedBiomarkersCase-Control StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMendelian Randomization AnalysisMiddle AgedAPOA1 protein, humanApolipoprotein A-IBiomarkersLipoprotein(a)acute ischemic strokeApolipoprotein A1biomarkerslipid testLipoprotein(a)penumbra freezing

Identifiers

PMID41047678

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.