ArticleAnnals of botany2026
Phylogenetics and evolution of Digitaria grasses, including cereal crops fonio, raishan and Polish millet.
Article in Annals of botany, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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- A Comprehensive Review of Starches From Diverse Millets: Composition, Structure, Functionality, and Strategies for Genetic Improvement.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Review
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9 authors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsMillet crops in the grass genus Digitaria include white and black fonio (D. exilis and D. iburua), raishan (D. compacta) and Polish millet (D. sanguinalis), cultivated across West Africa, India and Europe. Fonio and raishan crops are important in supporting food security and subsistence agricultural systems in rural communities, while D. sanguinalis is no longer cultivated. These crops are resilient to challenging climates. We aim to produce an integrated study of these crops: a phylogeny of the Digitaria genus including all four food species, to identify key crop wild relatives; time-calibrated biogeographic analysis, to investigate the history and evolution of Digitaria; and a morphological study to assess the transition between wild and domesticated species.
methodsWe use the Angiosperms353 target-enrichment sequencing approach to produce maximum likelihood and coalescent model nuclear phylogenies for 46 Digitaria species, and Bayesian methods to propose an evolutionary and biogeographic history for the genus. Morphology of wild and cultivated species is investigated for spikelets and growth habits using microscopy and SEM imaging. KEY
resultsFour distinct evolutionary lineages are found for the Digitaria crops, and we identify new close crop wild relatives D. fuscescens, D. atrofusca, D. setigera, D. radicosa, and D. ciliaris. South and eastern Africa is proposed as a likely origin of early Digitaria divergence, with crop lineages diverging from wild relatives around 2-6 mya. Incomplete domestication traits are observed, including the loss of trichomes, but no clear change in appearance for spikelet or abscission zone morphologies.
conclusionsThe knowledge produced in this study about Digitaria crop wild relatives will be useful in improving crop traits through targeted breeding and physiological studies, and we also highlight the need for conservation of seed material through programmes working with local partners for these important climate-tolerant indigenous cereals.
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