ArticleMikrochimica acta2025
Trimethylamine N-oxide detection for early prediction of renal function utilizing a three-dimensional localized electronic structure (3DLES) biosensor.
Article in Mikrochimica acta, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
A novel Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) is introduced based biosensor architecture employing a three-dimensional localized electronic structure (3DLES) array capable of detecting trimethylamine N-oxide, (TMAO, (CH₃)₃NO), concentrations as low as 0.2 μM in biological fluids such as urine or serum. The design incorporates a modified Cole-Cole model, wherein newly introduced parameters for the proposed 3DLES array biosensor are able to quantify enzymatic impedance effects. These variables offer insight into redox behavior and the fine-scale electrical currents generated by catalytic activity. On-chip signal processing is incorporated into the system, enabling fast detection within 1 s and Yielding a high sensitivity of 320 ADC units per micromolar (equivalent to 5.5 mV/μM). Very high repetition (98.1%) and low signal drift (0.4 mV over time) further demonstrate the system's reliability. TMAO detection is facilitated through minute variations in capacitive properties induced by the TorA enzyme, Yielding a detectable differential response of 10.6%. Comparison with traditional cyclic voltammetry (CV) shows excellent agreement, with only 0.024% deviation between methodologies. The 3DLES biosensor also exhibits a high TMAO-to-TMA conversion efficiency (88%) and impressive selectivity (97%) for the target analyte, making it a viable candidate for early-stage renal function assessment in non-clinical settings. The strong correlation between the proposed biosensor and mass spectrometry results across 100 urine samples (R
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