Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41044362›Full record

ArticleNature microbiology2025

Superinfection promotes replication and diversification of defective HIV-1 proviruses in people with non-suppressible viraemia.

Vivek Hariharan, Jennifer A White, Filippo Dragoni, Emily J Fray, Nicholas Pathoulas, Milica Moskovljevic, Hao Zhang, Anushka Singhal, Jun Lai, Subul A Beg and 8 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Vivek HariharanDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0000-7001-0077
Jennifer A WhiteDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Filippo DragoniDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8148-9914
Emily J FrayDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Nicholas PathoulasDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-0798
Milica MoskovljevicDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0436-6854
Hao ZhangDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Anushka SinghalDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Jun LaiDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Subul A BegDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Eileen P ScullyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6687-6051
Elizabeth A GilliamsDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
David S BlockDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4431-1233
Jeanne KerulyDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Richard D MooreDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Janet D SilicianoDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-3775
Francesco R SimonettiDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4165-660X
Robert F SilicianoDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. rsiliciano@jhmi.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1764-1993

Funding

Vaccine Response and Immunotherapeutics SWGP30AI094189 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Anna Palmer Durbin · 2012 to 2026
$67.0M
Johns Hopkins HIV Clinical CohortU01DA036935 · NIDA · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI MOORE, RICHARD DOUGLAS · 2014 to 2024
$14.9M
Understanding reservoir dynamics through analysis of viral decay processesP01AI169615 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI ROBERT F SILICIANO · 2022 to 2026
$9.5M
Investigating antigen-driven clonal proliferation to target HIV-1 persistenceDP5OD031834 · OD · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI SIMONETTI, FRANCESCO ROBERTO · 2021 to 2025
$2.0M
Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Division of Intramural Research of the NIAID) P01AI169615Johns Hopkins | School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University (SOM, JHU) P30AI094189NIAID NIH HHS P01 AI169615NIAID NIH HHS P30 AI094189NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA036935NIH HHS DP5 OD031834U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) DP5OD031834U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) U01DA036935
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

During replication of some RNA viruses, defective particles can spontaneously arise and interfere with wild-type (WT) virus replication. However, these defective interfering particles (DIPs) have not been reported in people with HIV-1 (PWH). Here we find DIPs in PWH who have a rare, polyclonal form of non-suppressible viraemia (NSV). We characterized the source of NSV in two PWH who never reached undetectable viral load despite adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Remarkably, in each participant, we found a diverse set of defective viral genomes sharing the same fatal deletions. This paradoxical accumulation of mutations by viruses with fatal defects was driven by superinfection with intact viruses, resulting in mobilization of defective genomes and accumulation of additional mutations during untreated infection. These defective proviruses interfere with WT virus replication, conditionally replicate and, in one case, have an R

Indexed as

HIV-1HIV InfectionsSuperinfectionViremiaDefective VirusesFemaleGene DeletionHumansMaleProvirusesRNA, ViralVirionVirus ReplicationRNA, Viral

Identifiers

PMID41044362
PMCPMC12578631

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.