ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Immune-modulating therapy with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in refractory rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis - a case report.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Molecular Mechanisms of Mucormycosis Pathogenesis: Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immune Evasion.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Acute Invasive Fungal Rhino-Orbital Sinusitis: Current Concepts and Controversies.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
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6 authors.
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Abstract
This report outlines the case of a woman with rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis following diabetic ketoacidosis, refractory to systemic and local antifungal treatment as well as repeated extensive sinonasal debridement. Adjunctive Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) therapy was associated with significant clinical improvement. This treatment restored visual acuity, and the excellent outcomes were maintained at the 24-month follow-up. This is the first report of successful use of a short course (5 days) of GM-CSF for refractory rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis in an adult patient after diabetic ketoacidosis, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this pragmatic approach.
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