ArticleGut pathogens2025
Increased GII.3[P12] norovirus outbreaks and viral whole genome analysis in Beijing, China during 2021 and 2023.
Article in Gut pathogens, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Conformational Plasticity of the Human Norovirus GII.3 Capsid Reveals Alternative P Domain Interaction Networks.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Global trends in norovirus genotype distribution among medically attended children with acute gastroenteritis, 2020-2025.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2026Article
- Epidemiologic Trends, Genetic Diversity, and Risk Factors of Norovirus Outbreaks in Beijing, China, 2016-2022.Viruses · 2026Article
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12 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundNorovirus is the predominant pathogen responsible for global acute gastroenteritis outbreaks and sporadic cases. While GII.3[P12] norovirus is typically associated with sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis, outbreaks caused by this genotype increased sharply in Beijing from 2021 to 2023. This study aimed to characterize the GII.3[P12] norovirus outbreaks in Beijing from August 2021 to July 2023, analyze whole-genome sequences, and infer spread dynamics.
resultsGII.3[P12] outbreaks primarily occurred in winter and spring (90.68%, 107/118), concentrated in urban areas (56.78%, 67/118). Ninety-three outbreaks (78.81%, 93/118) were reported in kindergartens. Person-to-person transmission was the main route, accounting for 99.14% (115/116) of outbreaks with a defined route. The maximum clade credibility tree, constructed from partial viral capsid protein 1 and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes, showed that GII.3[P12] strains are clustered into three clades, aligning with analyses of 82 whole-genome sequences. Bayesian inference revealed that the most recent ancestor for the three clades of the maximum clade credibility tree based on whole-genome sequences was 2015.66, 2016.56, and 2017.71, respectively, and urban areas are key transmission hubs. The histo-blood group antigens binding sites were conserved, and there were some unique amino acid mutations in the open reading frame 1 region: clade 1 (V779I/D870G/K1004R/I1057V/I1521V), clade 2 (A21V/S195L/R278K/V779I/A782V/A791V/I850T/P1051S/V1091A/S1571T), and clade 3 (T701I).
conclusionsOur study identified GII.3[P12] as the dominant strain in norovirus outbreaks in Beijing, China (2021-2023). We obtained 82 whole-genome sequences via next-generation sequencing, revealing amino acid mutation-driven evolution, inferring local transmission dynamics, and providing insights for outbreak control and vaccine development.
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