ArticleBMC microbiology2025
Prophylactic efficacy of probiotics and their metabolites against Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluation of Probiotic Metabolites Mediated Antimicrobial Activity and Inhibition of Virulence Factors in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- The human breast milk microbiome: a landscape review of its composition, origins, and impact on infant health.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStaphylococcus epidermidis is a prevalent common microorganism found on the skin of most mammals, including humans. However, S. epidermidis is also known as an opportunistic pathogen that can cause diseases if the skin microbiome becomes skewed to favor its overgrowth. This situation can be worsened if the causative strains are antibiotic-resistant. To explore potential alternatives to replace conventional antibiotics, we aim to use probiotics, specifically Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, in controlling the growth, colonization, and biofilm formation of a multidrug-resistant S. epidermidis.
resultsMultidrug-resistant S. epidermidis was co-cultured with either L. rhamnosus or L. plantarum, and antimicrobial activity was assessed by counting S. epidermidis colonies at various timepoints. Under co-culture conditions, growth of S. epidermidis was decreased over time in the presence of either probiotic, specifically, a significant reduction was observed after 48 hours (p=0.0062). Additionally, S. epidermidis was treated with cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) collected from probiotics to investigate the mechanism of inhibition. CFCS from 72-hour Lactobacilli cultures significantly inhibited S. epidermidis growth within 4 hours (p<0.05), and no S. epidermidis was detected after 72 hours (p=0.0003) when treated with 50% CFCS. Both CFCSs also reduced biofilm formation and bacterial counts after 24 hours, with complete inhibition by 48 h. Gene expression analysis revealed that exposure to CFCS led to downregulation of S. epidermidis genes associated with metabolism and cell division (arcC, gts, mutS, mur1, and ftsZ). Fluorescence microscopy indicated compromised cell wall integrity, evidenced by reduced HADA fluorescence and increased propidium iodide staining.
conclusionL. plantarum and L. rhamnosus possess strong antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistantS. epidermidis, supporting their potential as alternative strategies to control S. epidermidis colonization.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.