ArticleBMC infectious diseases2025
Global burden of MDR-TB and XDR-TB: trends, inequities, and future implications for public health planning.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
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- Targeting thioredoxin reductase for anti-tuberculosis drug discovery: the inhibitor OSSL_632214.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, Linezolid, and Moxifloxacin: Mechanisms of Action, Drug Interactions, Adverse Effects and Use in Special Situations.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- The epidemiology of tuberculosis infection and the Human Development Index (HDI) in Iran between 1990-2021: secondary analysis of the global burden of disease.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Epidemiological mapping of drug-susceptible and resistant tuberculosis in 30 WHO high-burden countries:Saudi medical journal · 2026Article
- Complex Disseminated Tuberculosis with Oral and Gastrointestinal Involvement: Histopathologic and Clinical Insights.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Drug-resistant tuberculosis and pulmonary co-infections in immunocompromised patients: from multi-omics to precision therapy.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Lishui, China: first-line drug resistance patterns, trends, and risk factors from a 10-year retrospective study (2015-2024).Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Impact of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Strategies in Southeast China: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study on Disease Epidemic Trends and Predictions Across 15 Years.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Analyzing Global Trends in Uterine Prolapse Burden: A Comprehensive Study of Incidence and DALYs Across 204 Countries from 1990 to 2021.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Global burden and cross-country inequalities in rabies from 1990 to 2021: a systemic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Early Histiocytic Pleuritis Revealing Tuberculosis on Repeat Thoracoscopy: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
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12 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health threat, reflecting disparities in healthcare capacity, access, and socioeconomic development. Previous research often lacks geographic breadth. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the global, regional, and national burden of Multidrug-resistant TB without extensive drug resistance (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB(XDR-TB) from in Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 Study 1990 to 2021, with a focus on distributional inequities. The findings aim to guide resource prioritization, inform targeted interventions, and reduce the burden in high-risk populations.
methodsWe systematically assessed the global, regional, and national burden of MDR-TB and XDR-TB, along with their change trends from 1990 to 2021, using data from the GBD 2021 database. The indicators included age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), prevalence rate (ASPR), mortality rate (ASMR), and disability-adjusted life-years rate (ASDR). ASDR was analyzed in conjunction with the sociodemographic index (SDI) for a comprehensive assessment. Health inequalities were quantified using the slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index (CCI). Frontier analysis estimated the achievable outcomes across different development levels, while decomposition analysis identified the key factors driving changes in disease burden.
resultsIn 2021, the global ASIR of MDR-TB was 5.42 per 100,000 population [95% uncertainty interval(UI): 3.17, 9.34]), and the ASIR of XDR-TB was 0.29 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 0.21, 0.42). From 1990 to 2021, the ASIR of MDR-TB [AAPC = 0.14%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13, 0.14] and XDR-TB (AAPC = 0.01%, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.02) both showed an increasing trend. The ASIR and ASMR of MDR-TB increased in low and low-middle SDI regions. Similarly, the ASIR and ASMR of XDR-TB increased in all five SDI regions. The ASIR of MDR-TB increased in 155 countries, with the largest increase observed in Somalia (AAPC = 1.79%, 95% CI: 1.67, 1.92). The ASIR of XDR-TB increased in all countries. From 1990 to 2021, both absolute and relative health inequalities in the ASDR of MDR-TB and XDR-TB have grown. In addition, the ASIR and incidence of MDR-TB and XDR-TB are negatively correlated with SDI.
conclusionThe burden of MDR-TB/XIDR-TB is projected to increase, with persistent disparities concentrated in low-SDI settings. Targeted public health strategies-including improved resource allocation, infrastructure development, and community health education-are essential to reduce inequities. Strengthening these efforts may enhance global TB control and advance progress toward health equity.
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