Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41036390›Full record

ArticleScience in One Health2025

Global, regional, and national temporal trend and patterns of change in the burden of leishmaniasis from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

Shunxian Zhang, Guobing Yang, Shan Lv, Lei Duan, Muxin Chen, Qin Liu, Liguang Tian, Shizhu Li, Jinxin Zheng

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Science in One Health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Shunxian ZhangLonghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
Guobing YangGansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu Provincial Academy of Preventive Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
Shan LvNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.
Lei DuanNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.
Muxin ChenNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.
Qin LiuNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.
Liguang TianNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.
Shizhu LiNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.
Jinxin ZhengNational Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Leishmaniasis is a globally prevalent parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Methods: Data from the GBD 2021 database were analyzed to evaluate trends in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years rate (ASDR) for leishmaniasis across global, regional, and national levels, stratified by age, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI). A Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was employed to project future burden. Analyses included the slope index of inequality and the concentration index to assess health disparities, frontier analysis to estimate achievable outcomes based on development levels, and decomposition analysis to identify the drivers of changes in DALYs number. Results: From 1990 to 2021, the ASIR of leishmaniasis decreased from 17.82 to 14.34 per 100,000 population, while the ASPR increased from 62.94 to 76.96 per 100,000 population. Most strikingly, the ASMR showed a dramatic reduction from 1.05 to 0.07 per 100,000 population. However, concerning increases were observed in absolute case numbers, with incident cases rising from 1.01 to 1.10 million and prevalent cases nearly doubling from 3.18 to 6.21 million. Notably, Syria exhibited the most severe deterioration in ASDR (average annual percentage change [AAPC] = 4.78 %, 95 % confidence interval [ Conclusions: Leishmaniasis continues to pose significant public health challenges in Southeast Asia, North Africa, and Middle East. Strengthening public health interventions, optimizing resource distribution, and focusing on health governance in low- and middle-income countries are key to addressing the ongoing burden. One Health-based integrated strategies, particularly in vector control, host management, and environmental sanitation, are essential for reducing the disease burden and achieving long-term control.

Indexed as

Bayesian age-period-cohortDecomposition analysisFrontier analysisInequality analysisLeishmaniasis

Identifiers

PMID41036390
PMCPMC12482278

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.