ArticleAJPM focus2025
Allostatic Load Patterns by U.S. Citizenship Status and Length of U.S. Residency Among Adults, 2009-2018.
Article in AJPM focus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Emerging research has documented that having a non-citizen status (e.g., temporary visa, undocumented) induces stress and, as a result, has adverse impacts on health. It is unclear whether chronic stress differs by citizenship status and length of U.S. residency using clinical biomarkers. The objective of this study was to examine allostatic load (or cumulative stress) by citizenship status and length of U.S. residency among U.S. adults. Methods: The study sample included 27,705 adult respondents (aged ≥20 years) from the 2009-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Multivariable Poisson regression models were estimated with U.S. citizenship status (U.S.-born citizens, naturalized citizens, noncitizens) and U.S. residency (shorter: <15 years, longer: ≥15 years) on allostatic load. Allostatic load was defined with summative scores of 10 biomarkers (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, HbA1c, BMI, albumin, estimated glomerular filtration rate, white blood cell count, and asthma). Results: Naturalized citizens with shorter U.S. residency (females only) and noncitizens with shorter U.S. residency had lower allostatic load than U.S.-born citizens. Naturalized citizens with longer U.S. residency had greater allostatic load than naturalized citizens with shorter U.S. residency (females only). Noncitizens with longer U.S. residency had higher allostatic load than both noncitizens with shorter U.S. residency and naturalized citizens with shorter U.S. residency (females only). Conclusions: This study demonstrates nuanced impacts on allostatic load by citizenship status and length of U.S. residency, with differences by sex. The findings infer that citizenship status contributes to health inequities among immigrants, with greater attention needed to unpack citizenship-stress mechanisms.
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