Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41035912›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2025

IDO and TDO inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms, clinical development, and future directions.

Raed M Al-Zoubi, Mai Elaarag, Ahmad R Al-Qudimat, Enas A Al-Hurani, Zainab E Fares, Ala'a Farhan, Sally R Al-Zoubi, Abbas Khan, Abdelali Agouni, Mohanad Shkoor and 4 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
22citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Raed M Al-ZoubiSurgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
Mai ElaaragSurgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
Ahmad R Al-QudimatSurgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
Enas A Al-HuraniPharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan.
Zainab E FaresSurgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
Ala'a FarhanSurgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
Sally R Al-ZoubiDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
Abbas KhanDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
Abdelali AgouniDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
Mohanad ShkoorDepartment of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
Hiba BawadiMedical and Health Sciences Office, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
Zain Z ZakariaMedical and Health Sciences Office, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
Mazhar Al ZoubiDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
Khalid AlrumaihiUrology Division, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibitors are promising avenues in cancer immunotherapy. These enzymes are key regulators in the kynurenine pathway. modulating immune responses and enabling tumor immune evasion. By targeting IDO and TDO. Therapeutic approaches aim to restore immune surveillance and enhance antitumor activity. This review examines the mechanisms of IDO/TDO in cancer etiology, their consequences in the tumor microenvironment, and the therapeutic development of inhibitors currently being studied. Among these, medications like Indoximod, Epacadostat, and Navoximod have shown promise in influencing the immune system and slowing tumor progression, while dual inhibitors like HTI-1090 try to address broader metabolic connections. Despite tremendous progress, obstacles like tumor heterogeneity, off-target consequences, and varying patient responses remain. The use of IDO/TDO inhibitors with conventional anticancer medications demonstrates their potential to reshape cancer treatment paradigms, contingent on further research to optimize efficacy and safety.

Indexed as

cancer diseasedrugeffectiveness IDOenzyme inhibitorIDOmechanismsafetyTDO

Identifiers

PMID41035912
PMCPMC12481718

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.