ArticleCureus2025
Age and Clinical Activity Score (CAS): Key Predictive Factors for Non-shrinking Extraocular Muscles in Graves' Ophthalmopathy After Retrobulbar Injection of Glucocorticoids (GCs).
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo identify predictive factors for non-shrinking extraocular muscles (EOMs) after retrobulbar injection of glucocorticoids (GCs) in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO).
methodsThis retrospective cohort study included 60 GO patients (102 eyes) who received retrobulbar GC injections. We used univariate analysis, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression, and multivariate logistic regression to identify factors associated with non-shrinking EOMs. The primary outcome was the change in EOM volume assessed by orbital computed tomography (CT) scans before and after treatment.
resultsAfter retrobulbar injection of GCs, 36 eyes (35.3%) showed a reduction in EOM volume, while 66 eyes (64.7%) did not. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01-1.18, p = 0.03) and Clinical Activity Score (CAS)≥3 (OR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02-0.59, p = 0.008) were independent predictors of non-shrinking EOMs. Higher age increased the odds of non-shrinking EOMs by 9% per year, while higher disease activity (CAS≥3) was associated with a better treatment response. Other factors, like proptosis and axial orbit depth, showed trends but did not reach statistical significance.
conclusionAge and disease activity (CAS≥3) are significant predictors of non-shrinking EOMs after retrobulbar GCs injection in GO patients. These findings can help clinicians better assess treatment outcomes and optimize therapeutic strategies for GO patients. Future research should focus on expanding the sample size and exploring underlying biological mechanisms to further validate these findings and improve treatment precision.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.