Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41034851›Full record

ReviewEnvironmental health : a global access science source2025

The WHO-commissioned systematic reviews on health effects of radiofrequency radiation provide no assurance of safety.

Ronald L Melnick, Joel M Moskowitz, Paul Héroux, Erica Mallery-Blythe, Julie E McCredden, Martha Herbert, Lennart Hardell, Alasdair Philips, Fiorella Belpoggi, John W Frank and 3 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Environmental health : a global access science source, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Ronald L MelnickICBE-EMF; National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (retired), Ron Melnick Consulting, 473 Loch Ness Lane, West Haven, CT, USA. ron.melnick@gmail.com.
Joel M MoskowitzICBE-EMF; School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Paul HérouxICBE-EMF; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
Erica Mallery-BlytheICBE-EMF; Physicians' Health Initiative for Radiation and Environment; British Society of Ecological Medicine, Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association, Surrey, UK.
Julie E McCreddenOceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association Inc. (ORSAA), Scarborough, QLD, Australia.
Martha HerbertICBE-EMF; Pediatric Neurologist, Pleasantville, TN, USA.
Lennart HardellICBE-EMF; Department of Oncology, Orebro University Hospital, Sweden (retired), The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, Orebro, Sweden.
Alasdair PhilipsICBE-EMF; Independent Scientist, Brambling, Beeswing, Dumfries, Scotland, UK.
Fiorella BelpoggiICBE-EMF; Ramazzini Institute (Emerita), Minerbio, Italy.
John W FrankICBE-EMF; University of Toronto and University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Theodora ScaratoICBE-EMF; Environmental Health Sciences, Bozeman, MT, USA.
Elizabeth KelleyICBE-EMF; International EMF Scientist Appeal, and Electromagnetic Safety Alliance, Tempe, AZ, USA.
International Commission on the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (ICBE-EMF)

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The World Health Organization (WHO) commissioned 12 systematic reviews (SR) and meta-analyses (MA) on health effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). The health outcomes selected for those reviews (cancer, electromagnetic hypersensitivity, cognitive impairment, birth outcomes, male fertility, oxidative stress, and heat-related effects) were based on a WHO-conducted international survey. The SR of the studies of cancer in laboratory animal studies was the only one that did not include a MA, because those authors considered it inappropriate due to methodological differences among the available studies, including differences in exposure characteristics (carrier frequency, modulation, polarization), experimental parameters (hours/day of exposure, duration of exposure, exposure systems), and different biological models. MAs in all the other SRs suffered from relatively few primary studies available for each MA (sometimes due to excessive subgrouping), exclusion of relevant studies, weaknesses in many of the included primary studies, lack of a framework for analyzing complex processes such as those involved in cognitive functions, and/or high between-study heterogeneity. Due to serious methodological flaws and weaknesses in the conduct of the reviews and MAs on health effects of RF-EMF exposure, the WHO-commissioned SRs cannot be used as proof of safety of cell phones and other wireless communication devices. However, the animal cancer SR, which was rated as "high certainty of evidence" for heart schwannomas and "moderate certainty of evidence" for brain gliomas, provided quantitative information that could be used to set exposure limits based on reducing cancer risk. The multiple and significant dose-related adverse effects found in the SRs on male fertility and pregnancy and birth outcome should also serve as the basis for policy decisions to lower exposure limits and reduce human reproductive risks. The report of harmful effects (e.g., cancer, reproductive toxicity, etc.) at doses below the adverse health effect threshold claimed by ICNIRP demonstrates that current exposure limits to RF-EMF, which were established by applying arbitrary uncertainty factors to their putative adverse threshold dose, lack scientific credibility.

Indexed as

Electromagnetic FieldsEnvironmental ExposureRadio WavesAnimalsHumansMeta-Analysis as TopicWorld Health OrganizationCancer riskMeta-analysisOxidative stressRadiofrequency radiationReproductive toxicitySystematic reviewWorld Health Organization

Identifiers

PMID41034851
PMCPMC12490090

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.