Associations between pre-pandemic housing insecurity and reports of anxiety and depression in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of the All of Us Research Program cohort.

Giselle Routhier, Andrea R Titus, Yao Xin, Binyu Cui, Stephanie H Cook

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Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 authors.

Giselle RouthierDepartment of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. giselle.routhier@nyulangone.org.

Andrea R TitusDepartment of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Yao XinDepartment of Biostatistics, NYU School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA.

Binyu CuiDepartment of Biostatistics, NYU School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA.

Stephanie H CookDepartment of Biostatistics, NYU School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA.

Funding

National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director: Biobank 1 U24 OD023121National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director: Communications and Engagement 3 OT2 OD023205; 3 OT2 OD023206National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director: Community Partners 1 OT2 OD025277; 3 OT2 OD025315; 1 OT2 OD025337; 1 OT2 OD025276National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director: Data and Research Center 5 U2C OD023196National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director: Federally Qualified Health Centers HHSN 263201600085UNational Institutes of Health, Office of the Director: Participant Technology Systems Center 1 U24 OD023163National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director: Regional Medical Centers 1 OT2 OD026549; 1 OT2 OD026554; 1 OT2 OD026557; 1 OT2 OD026556; 1 OT2 OD026550; 1 OT2 OD 026552; 1 OT2 OD026553; 1 OT2 OD026548; 1 OT2 OD026551; 1 OT2 OD026555; IAA #: AOD 16037ODCDC CDC HHS U24 OD023176

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHousing insecurity is an important social determinant of health that has been linked to poor mental health. The beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic marked a time of major upheaval and has been linked to worsening experiences with anxiety and depression. It is not well understood how pre-pandemic housing insecurity may be associated with trajectories of anxiety and depression in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic.

methodsUsing data from the NIH All of Us Research Program, we estimated the correlation between pre-pandemic housing insecurity and repeated measures of anxiety and depression symptoms between May and July 2020. We combined data from baseline surveys and the COVID-19 Participant Experience Survey (COPE) and used generalized linear models with a logit link to estimate results.

resultsOur sample included 37,535 participants. Those who reported housing insecurity prior to the start of the pandemic were significantly more likely to report moderate-to-severe symptoms of anxiety (AOR 1.630, p < .001) and depression (AOR 1.877, p < .001) across all months. Trajectories of anxiety and depression symptoms did not differ between May and July 2020 for those who reported housing insecurity versus those who did not.

conclusionsThis study examined how experiences and trajectories of anxiety and depression symptoms differed by housing insecurity status among a novel large national sample. Experiencing housing insecurity prior to the start of the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a greater likelihood of moderate-to-severe anxiety and depression from May to July 2020, and this difference was consistent over time.

Indexed as

AnxietyCOVID-19DepressionHousingAdultCohort StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPandemicsUnited StatesAnxietyCOVID-19DepressionHousing insecurityMental health

Identifiers

PMID41034836

DOI10.1186/s12889-025-24535-w

PMCPMC12487285

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LicenceCC BY

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