Design of AI-driven microwave imaging for lung tumor monitoring.

The global incidence of lung diseases, particularly lung cancer, is increasing at an alarming rate, underscoring the urgent need for early detection, robust monitoring, and timely intervention. This study presents design aspects of an artificial intelligence (AI)-integrated microwave-based diagnostic tool for the early detection of lung tumors. The proposed method assimilates the prowess of machine learning (ML) tools with microwave imaging (MWI). A microwave unit containing eight antennas in the form of a wearable belt is employed for data collection from the CST body models. The data, collected in the form of scattering parameters, are reconstructed as 2D images. Two different ML approaches have been investigated for tumor detection and prediction of the size of the detected tumor. The first approach employs XGBoost models on raw S-parameters and the second approach uses convolutional neural networks (CNN) on the reconstructed 2-D microwave images. It is found that the XGBoost-based classifier with S-parameters outperforms the CNN-based classifier on reconstructed microwave images for tumor detection. Whereas a CNN-based model on reconstructed microwave images performs much better than an XGBoost-based regression model designed on the raw S-parameters for tumor size prediction. The performances of both of these models are evaluated on other body models to examine their generalization capacity over unknown data. This work explores the feasibility of a low-cost portable AI-integrated microwave diagnostic device for lung tumor detection, which eliminates the risk of exposure to harmful ionizing radiations of X-ray and CT scans.