Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41034153›Full record

ArticleVeterinary ophthalmology2026

Elemental Composition Analysis of Sheep Tears Using Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission.

Alon Zahavi, Oren Pe'er, Noa Cohen Sinai, Yoav Vardizer, Lionel Sebbag, Ron Ofri, Olga Girshevitz, Nitza Goldenberg-Cohen

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Veterinary ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Alon ZahaviDepartment of Ophthalmology and Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9451-5253
Oren Pe'erKoret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
Noa Cohen SinaiOphthalmology Department, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
Yoav VardizerOphthalmology Department, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
Lionel SebbagKoret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0103-0127
Ron OfriKoret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3825-3113
Olga GirshevitzInstitute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0908-2009
Nitza Goldenberg-CohenOphthalmology Department, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5648-1873

Funding

Israel Science Foundation 2509/21
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo identify the elemental composition of ovine tears using particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). ANIMALS STUDIED: Ten physically healthy female sheep. PROCEDURES: Tear samples were collected using Schirmer tear test strips. Tear samples were collected once daily over five consecutive days to assess reproducibility. Elemental analysis was performed with PIXE. Data were processed with GUPIX software. Median values of the elements identified were calculated and statistically analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn's tests.

resultsThe analysis demonstrated consistent elemental concentrations over the 5-day sampling period. Among the elements detected, chloride (Cl) and sodium (Na) exhibited the highest concentrations.

conclusionsThis study establishes PIXE as a valuable technique for detecting and analyzing the elemental composition of the tear film in sheep. By providing a precise method for elemental analysis in small biological samples, this approach lays the groundwork for future research exploring its reliability and sensitivity in tear analysis and potential as a biomarker for ocular and systemic health. The impact of variables including age, diet, and environmental exposure on tear film constituents should be studied, potentially extending the methodology to other species.

Indexed as

Spectrometry, X-Ray EmissionTearsAnimalsFemaleReproducibility of ResultsSheepbiomarkerelemental compositionPIXEsheeptears

Identifiers

PMID41034153
PMCPMC12961366

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.