Factors that influence snacking behaviors among urban Indian adolescents - a qualitative inquiry.

Background and objectives: Urban Indian adolescents often practice unhealthy dietary behaviors such as meal skipping and snacking on high energy foods with low nutrient value. To promote healthy snacking behaviors among adolescents it is essential to explore the factors that may influence the consumption of healthy and unhealthy snacks among Indian adolescents. Materials and methods: Informed by the social constructivism framework, an exploratory-descriptive qualitative research approach was employed to obtain a richer understanding of the influences on urban Indian adolescents' snacking behaviors. Using purposive sampling, adolescents aged 10-19 years were recruited from two government and two private schools in Varanasi city, Uttar Pradesh, India. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in Hindi/English, per the preference of the participants. The conversations were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and translated to English (where necessary) for analysis. Themes were extracted using inductive coding. Results: A total of 62 adolescents (50% female; 76% private school pupils) with mean age 15.3 (SD: 1.86) years completed the interviews between November 2024 and February 2025. Ten themes emerged including: (i) Perceptions of a snack; (ii) liking for unhealthy snacks; (iii) consequences of snacking; (iv) snacking timing; (v) cost of snacks; (vi) parental rules around snacking; (vii) influence of peers; (viii) school food environment; (ix) neighborhood food environment; (x) food and beverage marketing. Conclusion: These findings show that multiple factors are likely to influence snacking behaviors in Indian adolescents, aligning with literature on adolescent snack consumption in international settings. Behavioral interventions should be designed to create enabling environments to encourage healthy snack consumption in adolescents by removing barriers at the individual, household, and societal levels.