Comparative genomic analysis of key oncogenic pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma among diverse populations.

Background/Objectives: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with significant racial and ethnic disparities in incidence, tumor biology, and clinical outcomes. Hispanic/Latino (H/L) patients tend to be diagnosed at younger ages and more advanced stages than Non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying these disparities remain poorly understood. Key oncogenic pathways, including RTK/RAS, TGF-Beta, WNT, PI3K, and TP53, play pivotal roles in tumor progression, treatment resistance, and response to targeted therapies. However, ethnicity-specific alterations within these pathways remain largely unexplored. This study aims to compare pathway-specific mutations in HCC between H/L and NHW patients, assess tumor mutation burden, and identify ethnicity-associated oncogenic drivers using publicly available datasets. Findings from this analysis may inform precision medicine strategies for improving early detection and targeted therapies in underrepresented populations. Methods: We conducted a bioinformatics analysis using publicly available HCC datasets to assess mutation frequencies in RTK/RAS, TGF-Beta, WNT, PI3K, and TP53 pathway genes. The study included 547 patients, consisting of 69 H/L patients and 478 NHW patients. Patients were stratified by ethnicity (H/L vs. NHW) to evaluate differences in mutation prevalence. Chi-squared tests were used to compare mutation frequencies, while Kaplan-Meier survival analysis assessed overall survival differences associated with pathway-specific alterations in both populations. Results: Significant differences were observed in the RTK/RAS pathway related genes, particularly in FGFR4 mutations, which were more prevalent in H/L patients compared to NHW patients (4.3% vs. 0.6%, p = 0.02). Additionally, IGF1R mutations exhibited borderline significance (7.2% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.07). In the PI3K pathway, INPP4B alterations were more frequent in H/L patients than in NHW patients (4.3% vs. 1%, p = 0.06), while in the TGF-Beta pathway, TGFBR2 mutations were more common in H/L patients (2.9% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.07), suggesting potential ethnicity-specific variations. Survival analysis revealed no significant differences in overall survival between H/L and NHW patients, indicating that molecular alterations alone may not fully explain survival disparities and suggesting a role for additional factors such as immune response, environmental exposures, or access to targeted therapies. Conclusions: This study provides one of the first ethnicity-focused analyses of key oncogenic pathway alterations in HCC, revealing distinct molecular differences between H/L and NHW patients. The findings suggest that RTK/RAS (FGFR4, IGF1R), PI3K (INPP4B), and TGF-Beta (TGFBR2) pathway alterations may play a distinct role in HCC among H/L patients, while their prognostic significance in NHW patients remains unclear. These insights emphasize the importance of incorporating ethnicity-specific molecular profiling into precision medicine approaches to improve early detection, targeted therapies, and clinical outcomes in HCC, particularly for underrepresented populations.