Drinking water resources suitability assessment in Brahmani river Odisha based on pollution index of surface water utilizing advanced water quality methods.

The prediction and management of water quality are critical to ensure Sustainable water resources, particularly in regions like Odisha, where rivers face increasing pollution from industrialization, agriculture, and urban expansion. The Brahmani River, located in the Odisha State, is the 2nd largest watershed in the province, by which its water quality is affected by natural and anthropogenic changes. In this research, water samples were gathered throughout the monsoon season for four years (2020-2024) from previously selected 7 sampling stations. Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques were used to find out the distribution of surface water quality on land use pattern. A particular focus is given to hybrid models that integrate multiple approaches to improve predictive accuracy and robustness. Therefore, the study was undertaken by incorporating Weighted Arithmetic (WA) Water Quality Index (WQI), Synthetic Pollution Index (SPI), Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI), Overall Index of Pollution (OIP), multivariate statistical method, namely Factor Analysis (FA) or Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approaches like Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS). The goal of this investigation is to evaluate the water's purity and whether it is Suitable for consumption. Fifteen physicochemical parameters were tested from 7 observation stations. Referring to the present research, the obtained order of anionic abundance was SO