Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41027968›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Effects of binary ethyleneimine and formaldehyde inactivation methods on foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine immune responses and kinetics.

Wendyfraw Tsegaw Habtewold, Negesse Welde, Ambaye Kenubih, Yared Abate Getahun, Takele Abayneh, Belayneh Getachew, Wubet Woldemedhin, Yeneneh Tesfaye, Liyuwork Tesfaw, Yitbarek Getachew and 1 more

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Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Wendyfraw Tsegaw HabtewoldDepartment of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
Negesse WeldeDepartment of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia.
Ambaye KenubihCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
Yared Abate GetahunLivestock and Fishery Research Center, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
Takele AbaynehNational Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
Belayneh GetachewNational Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
Wubet WoldemedhinNational Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
Yeneneh TesfayeNational Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
Liyuwork TesfawNational Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
Yitbarek GetachewCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
Haileleul NegussieCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. haileleul.negussie@aau.edu.et.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of livestock that has a significant economic impact on the country. The inactivated vaccine is the most widely used type of FMD vaccine, with the inactivation procedure being one of the most crucial steps. This study aims to evaluate the inactivation kinetics and post-vaccination immune responses of FMD vaccine developed using three inactivation methods: binary ethyleneimine (BEI), formaldehyde, and a combined approach. A randomized controlled trial included 20 healthy, unvaccinated calves, allocating five calves to each of the three vaccinated groups and one control (unvaccinated) group. A monovalent inactivated FMDV vaccine (O-ETH/38/2005) was developed using the above three inactivation methods. Each prepared vaccine was then randomly administered to seronegative experimental calves. Blood samples were collected at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days post-vaccination and analyzed using solid-phase competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess the antibody response level. Regression analysis demonstrated that both the combined and BEI-inactivated vaccines exhibited linear kinetics, with higher and comparable virus titer reduction rates of 1.27 and 1.05 log

Indexed as

Cattle DiseasesFoot-and-Mouth DiseaseFoot-and-Mouth Disease VirusFormaldehydeViral VaccinesVirus InactivationAnimalsAntibodies, ViralCattleKineticsVaccinationVaccines, InactivatedAntibodies, ViralFormaldehydeVaccines, InactivatedViral VaccinesAntibodyBinary ethyleneimineCalvesEthiopiaFoot and mouth disease virusFormaldehyde

Identifiers

PMID41027968
PMCPMC12485137

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.