SynthesisOral diseases2026
Cancer Hallmarks Expression in Oral Leukoplakia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Oral diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Cancer Hallmarks Expression in Oral Leukoplakia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Oral diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Biomarkers Indicating Early Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Changes in Oral Epithelial Dysplasias: A Systematic Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Evidence-based review and clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of common oral mucosal lesions.World journal of experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo assess the available evidence on the expression of hallmarks of cancer and oral leukoplakia (OL) malignant transformation probability, with the goal of identifying the earliest oncogenic molecular events participating in oral cancer carcinogenesis.
methodsEmbase, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for primary-level studies published prior to Sept 24, strictly designed as longitudinal cohorts.
resultsA total of 60 studies (9758 OLs) fulfilled the eligibility criteria, and the expression of 68 different biomarkers was evaluated using the immunohistochemical technique. Sustaining proliferation hallmark was frequently harbored by OLs (PP = 56.30%, 95% CI = 43.10-69.09), significantly associated with malignant transformation (RR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.45-2.55, p < 0.001), and markedly more frequent than in normal oral mucosa (OR = 7.70, 95% CI = 2.22-26.65, p = 0.001). Also related, genome instability markers were considerably overexpressed and associated with oral cancer development (p < 0.05), although resulting from a smaller sample size. Another remarkable finding is related to the activation of proinvasive mechanisms in OLs, representing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenomenon, which was frequent (PP = 37.30%, 95% CI = 28.21-46.86) and significantly associated with oral cancer (RR = 3.43, 95% CI = 2.67-4.40, p < 0.001). Finally, avoiding immune destruction markers were also overexpressed (PP = 35.77%, 95% CI = 24.66-47.69) and significantly higher in leukoplakias progressing to oral cancer (RR = 3.65, 95% CI = 1.87-7.13, p < 0.001).
conclusionsMalignant transformation of OL is significantly increased in hyperproliferative lesions, which develop the EMT phenomenon and avoid immune destruction through oncogenic mechanisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.