ArticleLipids in health and disease2025
The burden of NAFLD (now referred to as MASLD)-related chronic liver disease and cirrhosis from 1990 to 2021 with projections to 2036: a comparative study of global China the United States and India.
Article in Lipids in health and disease, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Understanding regional differences in MASLD: the Indian perspective.npj metabolic health and disease · 2026Article
- Review
- The association between liver fibrosis markers and carotid atherosclerosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is strongly influenced by age.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Burden of metabolic diseases in mainland China from 1990 to 2021: results from the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Association between predicted body composition and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: a case-control study in a Chinese population.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Mapping the Intellectual Landscape: A 20-Year Bibliometric Analysis of Mechanisms in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.Hepatic medicine : evidence and research · 2025Article
- Gut-liver-muscle axis: linking gut microbiota dysbiosis to malnutrition and sarcopenia in liver disease.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMetabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) poses a significant and growing global health challenge. This study leverages the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database to analyze the epidemiology of NAFLD (Now Referred to as MASLD)-related chronic Liver disease and cirrhosis across China, the United States, India, and globally from 1990 to 2021.
methodsUsing publicly available GBD data, we applied advanced analytical techniques-including age-period-cohort modeling, decomposition analysis, health inequality assessment (Slope Index of Inequality), Joinpoint regression, and Bayesian modeling-to assess disease burden patterns across regions and disease stages.
resultsSignificant national variations exist in NAFLD (Now Referred to as MASLD)-attributable Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and mortality burden. India bears the highest global burden among the three nations studied, which collectively accounted for 33.2% of global NAFLD (Now Referred to as MASLD) DALYs and 34.7% of global NAFLD (Now Referred to as MASLD)-related deaths. China reported the highest number of prevalent cases and annual incident cases globally; together, these three nations represented 41.5% of global NAFLD (Now Referred to as MASLD) prevalence and 39.8% of new cases. Analysis of the Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) revealed an increasing burden trend in the US and India. In contrast, China exhibited a significant decreasing trend. Burden measures (DALYs, deaths) progressively escalated with age, peaking within the 55-59 and 65-69-year age groups, respectively, before declining. Pronounced sex disparities were observed: males consistently exhibited higher DALYs and deaths before peak ages, yet females surpassed males in burden after 60-64 years. Notably, the US exhibited an exceptional pattern where females demonstrated significantly higher DALYs and mortality across all age groups. Forecasting models suggest increasing Age-Standardized Rates (ASRs) related to burden in China for both sexes. Regarding sex-specific trajectory changes, projections indicate a slight increase in US female burden, while Indian males show a significant upward trend. Decomposition analysis identified population aging and growth as primary drivers of increasing cirrhosis burden, with aging predominantly influencing China's trajectory and epidemiologic dynamics exerting strong protective effects. Analysis of health inequalities indicated widening disparities across geographic locations between 1990 and 2021.
conclusionThe global burden of NAFLD (Now Referred to as MASLD) -related disease is shaped by multifaceted factors-population aging, evolving epidemiologic dynamics, and socioeconomic disparities. While some regions exhibit declining DALYs and mortality, others (notably India and the US) face escalating burdens. Addressing these challenges necessitates tailored public health strategies that reflect distinct regional patterns. Implementing targeted interventions is imperative to mitigate health inequities and enhance global health outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.