The effect of urban agglomeration land use zoning on sustainable development goals.

With China's rapid urbanization, the conflict between limited land resources and growing development demands is intensifying. The purpose of this study is to explore the correlation between land use and sustainable development at the urban agglomeration scale and to propose land use approaches that are more aligned with sustainable development paths. Focusing on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) urban agglomeration, an SDGs indicator system for land use is constructed. Using the entropy weight method and the Multiscale Geographic Weighted Regression (MGWR) model, the effects of three functional land use zones on sustainable development goals are analyzed. Results show that production and ecological spaces significantly impact 60-70% of cities, with production spaces mainly exhibiting negative effects and ecological spaces consistently positive. Living spaces affect 30-50% of cities with mixed effects. Achieving sustainable development goals requires multi-domain coordination and targeted strategies: high-level cities should address overdevelopment and social governance, while low-level cities focus on economic inefficiency and ecological conservation. Coordinated efforts across multiple dimensions are essential to enhance sustainability of land use (SLU).