ArticleDiabetes care2025
Undiagnosed G6PD Deficiency in Black and Asian Individuals Is Prevalent and Contributes to Health Inequalities in Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis and Complications.
Article in Diabetes care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Individuals who deviate from polygenic expectation are enriched for damaging variants in genes linked to rare disease.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Polygenic background contributes to GCK-MODY clinical presentation and glycaemic variability.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Selection-guided discovery in South Asians implicates the MAPT locus in insulin resistance.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Late Recognition of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in a 70-Year-Old Man: A Case Report.Cureus · 2026Article
- Insights into the genetic aetiology of diabetes in Africa.EBioMedicine · 2026Review
- The limitations and fallacies of relying on glycosylated hemoglobin for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes in Indian populations.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Review
- Case Report: Abnormally low hemoglobin A1c in a diabetic patient withFrontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Associations of Different Definitions of Prediabetes and Diabetes with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Nationally Representative Cohort Study.Military Medical Research · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency presents silently and is not routinely screened. It is associated with markedly lower HbA1c for the prevailing glucose levels. Since HbA1c is internationally recommended to diagnose and manage type 2 diabetes (T2D), we investigated the population-level impact of undiagnosed G6PD deficiency on T2D diagnosis and complications in the U.K. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe used whole-exome sequencing and electronic health record data from UK Biobank (n = 467,368) and Genes & Health (n = 43,011) cohorts.
resultsIn the U.K., we estimated that ∼1 in 7 Black and 1 in 63 Asian males carry G6PD deficiency alleles, compared with fewer than 1 in 10,000 White males. Despite this, less than 1 in 50 G6PD-deficient men are clinically recognized. Male G6PD carriers have considerably lower average HbA1c (0.9% [International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine: 10.0 mmol/mol]) compared with noncarriers, while differences in average glucose were negligible. G6PD-deficient men had 1.37 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.86) higher odds of developing diabetes-related microvascular complications than noncarriers. Although risk factors were similar prior to diagnosis, male G6PD carriers diagnosed with T2D since 2011 were, on average, 4.1 years (95% CI: 0.6, 7.7) older at diagnosis compared with noncarriers. In addition, lower mean HbA1c values in G6PD carriers falsely underestimated their 10-year T2D risk.
conclusionsUndiagnosed G6PD deficiency has significant impact on T2D diagnosis with HbA1c and associates with increased risk of diabetes complications. This has major implications for global populations using HbA1c for diagnosis and monitoring, and could contribute significantly to inequalities in diabetes outcomes.
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