Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41021996›Full record

ArticleAddictive behaviors2026

Mental health matters? An examination of how anxiety and depression influence the alcohol-e-cigarette use relationship.

Veronica L Richards, Jason A Oliver, Steven J Pan, Summer G Frank-Pearce, Michael A Smith, Catherine S Nagawa, Amy M Cohn

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Addictive behaviors, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Veronica L RichardsTSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA; Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA. Electronic address: Veronica-Richards@ou.edu.
Jason A OliverTSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
Steven J PanDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
Summer G Frank-PearceTSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
Michael A SmithTSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
Catherine S NagawaTSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA; Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA.
Amy M CohnTSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.

Funding

Tissue Pathology Shared ResourceP30CA225520 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA HLTH SCIENCES CTR · PI James F Papin · 2018 to 2026
$27.1M
NCI NIH HHS P30 CA225520
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundE-cigarette use has grown in popularity and is independently associated with alcohol use and mental health (anxiety/depression), but the interactions between alcohol and anxiety/depression with e-cigarette use have not been examined. We examined whether anxiety/depression would influence the association of both alcohol use frequency and heavy episodic drinking (HED) with e-cigarette use frequency, hypothesizing that alcohol use would be more strongly related to e-cigarette use among those with current anxiety/depression.

methodsN = 11,006 adults (55 % female; 71 % non-Hispanic White, M age = 42) completed assessments of demographics, past 30-day e-cigarette and alcohol use, and current symptoms of anxiety and depression. Regression models including past 30-day e-cigarette users only (N = 2,395) examined the moderating effects of anxiety/depression (yes/no) on the alcohol-e-cigarette frequency relationship, examining alcohol use frequency and HED separately.

resultsMore than one-fifth (21.7 %) of the total sample reported any past 30-day e-cigarette use. Among e-cigarette users, past 30-day alcohol use frequency was associated with e-cigarette use frequency but did not significantly differ by mental health status (IRR = 1.02, 95 % 1.01, 1.02). HED was not associated with e-cigarette use frequency, regardless of mental health status (IRR = 1.02; 95 % CI: 0.93, 1.11).

conclusionThe relationship between current alcohol use and e-cigarette use frequency was not statistically different between individuals who endorsed current anxiety and/or depression vs. those who did not. Findings support the need to consider other substance use within e-cigarette smoking prevention and cessation efforts. Additional longitudinal research is needed to infer directionality and causality.

Indexed as

Alcohol DrinkingAnxietyAnxiety DisordersBinge DrinkingDepressionElectronic Nicotine Delivery SystemsVapingAdultFemaleHumansMaleMental HealthMiddle AgedYoung AdultAlcoholAnxietyDepressionE-cigaretteHeavy drinkingNicotine vaping

Identifiers

PMID41021996
PMCPMC12643092

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.