ArticleCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2025
Immunotherapy change overcomes acquired resistance after chemo-immunotherapy in unresectable biliary tract cancer.
Article in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Advancing immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge: key insights into efficacy, safety, and personalized strategies in advanced solid tumors.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- The ALP score: a novel composite index for prognostic risk stratification to chemo-immunotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo assess the incidence, clinical characteristics, and post-progression management strategy of resistance to immunotherapy-chemotherapy combination in unresectable biliary tract carcinoma (uBTC). EXPERIMENTAL:
designPatients with uBTC from multiple centers who received immunotherapy-chemotherapy combination were retrospectively included. Baseline characteristics, treatments, pattern of progression, and posttreatment managements were recorded. The primary endpoint was post-progression survival (PPS).
resultsOut of 194 patients, 130 (67.0%) developed resistance, including 78 (40.2%) with acquired resistance (AR) and 52 (26.8%) with primary resistance (PR). Normal CA19-9 level and combining target therapy were more common in patients with AR. Patients with both AR and PR commonly experience deterioration in general condition and systemic progression. Patients with AR and PR showed no difference in patterns of progression or current post-progression management strategies. A total of 103 (79.2%) patients receiving post-resistance antitumor treatments showed improved prognosis than those receiving best supportive care, while patients with AR received additional survival benefit than those with PR. Changing immunotherapy regimen after resistance brings significant survival benefit in patients with AR (mPPS: 15.1 vs. 9.50 months, HR = 0.41), but not those with PR. Adding/switching target therapy regimens (HR = 0.39) and local regional therapies (LRT) (HR = 0.36) after resistance brings potential benefit in patients with PR.
conclusionsChanging immunotherapy regimen is a promising strategy for overcoming AR to first-line immunotherapy-chemotherapy combination in uBTC, while adjusting targeted therapy and adding LRT may help overcome PR.
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