SynthesisCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2025
Efficacy and safety of two-year fixed versus continuous immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review.
Synthesis in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Journey: From Early Promise to Lasting Impact.Journal of immunotherapy and precision oncology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe optimal duration of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (amNSCLC) is unknown. Most trials either continued ICI indefinitely or electively stopped at two years if no progressive disease (PD) or treatment-limiting immune-related adverse events (irAEs) emerged.
methodsA systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and real-world evidence studies (RWEs) was performed for adults with amNSCLC treated with ICI therapy up to August 24, 2024. Patients were divided into two cohorts: a 2 year fixed cohort in which ICI therapy was discontinued after 2 years and a continuous therapy cohort in which ICI therapy was continued beyond 2 years.
resultsTwenty studies and 5027 patients were included. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates of the two-year fixed cohorts ranged from 69 to 83% across studies and were comparable to continuous therapy cohorts. Four RWEs compared survival outcomes between 2 year fixed and continuous cohorts and found no difference. Patients who completed 2 years of therapy in RCTs tended to have greater rates of irAEs compared to the baseline RCT population. Three RWEs reported higher rates of irAEs in the continuous versus two-year fixed cohorts. Many patients who developed PD after the two-year mark in both cohorts remained alive at the data cutoff. Larger/academic centers favored two-year fixed therapy compared with community centers.
conclusionSurvival outcomes after ICI discontinuation at 2 years are comparable to continuous therapy in amNSCLC. IrAEs tend to accumulate over time.
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Registered trials
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