ArticleDevelopmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists2026
Multiple gene knockouts in newts reveal novel functions of 5' Hox genes in limb development along the anterior-posterior and proximal-distal axes.
Article in Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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- Editorial highlights.Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists · 2026Article
- Penile Length can be Estimated by the Foot-Length? Study in Human Fetuses with Neural Tube Defects.International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of UrologyArticle
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Abstract
background5' Hox genes play crucial roles in limb patterning along the proximal-distal and anterior-posterior axes in mice. However, their functional conservation across tetrapods remains unclear. We previously found that newt Hox13 is essential for digit formation during both development and regeneration. In contrast, the functions of other 5' Hox genes (Hox9-Hox12) in newts remain u[WLYJ-108]nknown. Therefore, we generated 5' Hox knockout newts (Pleurodeles waltl) using CRISPR-Cas9.
resultsIndividual knockouts of Hox9, Hox10, and Hox12 disrupted all respective paralogs; however, these newts displayed no apparent abnormalities in limb skeletons. In contrast, Hox11 knockout newts exhibited skeletal defects in the posterior zeugopod and autopod of both the forelimbs and hindlimbs. Moreover, compound knockouts of Hox9 and Hox10 caused substantial loss of stylopod and anterior zeugopod/autopod elements specifically in the hindlimbs.
conclusionThese findings indicate that Hox9 and Hox10 redundantly regulate stylopod formation in the hindlimbs. Furthermore, Hox9/Hox10 and Hox11 contribute to the development of the anterior and posterior regions of the zeugopod/autopod in the hindlimbs, respectively. These novel roles of 5' Hox genes identified in newts suggest the functional diversification of 5' Hox genes in tetrapod limb development.
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