ReviewCancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.)2025
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy: resistance mechanisms, liver transplantation challenges and management strategies.
Review in Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- First-line therapies for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a network meta-analysis of immune checkpoint inhibitors and transarterial therapies based on 35 randomized trials.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Current status and challenges of immune checkpoint inhibitors in liver cancer: from monotherapy to combination strategies.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Review
- From Metabolites to Mechanisms:Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Regulation of immune tolerance in hepatocellular carcinoma by liver diseases: a review.Infectious agents and cancer · 2026Review
- Engineered CAR-T extracellular vesicles loaded with miR-17-5p inhibitor suppress hepatocellular carcinoma progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Targeting MDSCs in cancer: emerging immunotherapeutic and metabolic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Overcoming immune resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: insights into mechanisms, predictive factors, and interventional strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Multifaceted mechanisms by which environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals promote cancer progression: crosstalk among carcinogenesis, immunity, and metabolic reprogramming: narrative mini-review.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
- Integrative Analysis Identified an Eight-Gene Risk Signature Linked to CDK7 and Explored Its Association with HCC Progression via RelA Phosphorylation.Oncology research · 2026Article
- FOXP1 transcriptionally activates NUSAP1 to induce M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages via glycolysis in hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a significant clinical burden due to its aggressive nature, profound tumor heterogeneity, and limited therapeutic efficacy. While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized treatment paradigms and demonstrated considerable promise, the emergence of resistance mechanisms has posed a critical challenge in contemporary clinical oncology. The accelerated development of novel agents and innovative combination strategies has further complicated this resistance landscape. In this review, we present a unique and comprehensive analysis of ICI resistance mechanisms in HCC by integrating insights into primary resistance, acquired resistance, and host-related factors. Building upon this mechanistic framework, we explore emerging therapeutic strategies to overcome ICI resistance. Furthermore, we evaluate the dual role of ICIs in HCC management - serving as a neoadjuvant therapy for transplant candidates while simultaneously posing risks of post-transplant rejection. By bridging preclinical discoveries with clinical realities, this analysis aims to inform rational therapeutic design and optimize immuno-oncology trials for HCC patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.