ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2025
How Advanced Are Exosomes as Cell-Free Therapeutics for Spinal Cord Injury?
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Research Progress on Biomaterial Scaffolds Carrying Stem Cells for Inflammation Regulation After Spinal Cord Injury.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Review
- Exosomal PSMD1 Derived From Dental Pulp Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Microglial M2 Polarization to Alleviate Spinal Cord Injury.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicles in Migraine: Biomarkers and Therapeutics.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Blood-spinal cord barrier disruption after spinal cord injury: a time-dependent mechanistic review.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Targeting glial scar formation for spinal cord injury: mechanisms, strategies, and research progress review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Exosome-derived ncRNAs and proteins: inflammation regulatory mechanisms and biomarker potential in spinal cord injury.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
- PANoptosis: a new perspective for targeting programmed cell death after spinal cord injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Exosome Cargo Molecules and NLRP3/BDNF: Clinical and Preclinical Evidence for Acupuncture-Mediated Spinal Cord Injury Recovery.International journal of general medicine · 2026Review
- The potential mechanisms and regulatory roles of exosomal miRNA in neural repair after spinal cord injury.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a leading cause of disability worldwide, characterized by complex pathophysiological processes involving primary mechanical damage and secondary cascades of inflammation, oxidative stress, and gliosis. Current cell-based therapies face challenges such as low survival rates, tumorigenicity, and immune rejection. Emerging evidence highlights exosomes-nanoscale extracellular vesicles derived from various cell types-as promising cell-free therapeutic agents. These exosomes mediate intercellular communication by transferring bioactive cargo and exhibit advantages such as low immunogenicity, stability, and blood-spinal cord barrier permeability. This review explores the neuroprotective roles of exosomes from diverse cellular sources in SCI repair. Key mechanisms include regulation of macrophage/microglia polarization, suppression of pyroptosis, promotion of vascularization, inhibition of glial scar formation and enhancement of axonal growth. Challenges remain in optimizing exosome yield, standardization, and clinical translation. Future directions emphasize multi-target therapies, biomarker exploration, and hybrid approaches combining exosomes from multiple. A combination of exosomes with biomaterials or stem cells would amplify the therapeutic effects and reduce the dosage of exosomes. This review underscores the potential of exosome-based therapies to revolutionize SCI treatment by addressing its multifaceted pathophysiology while circumventing risks associated with cell transplantation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.