ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Current strategies for armoring chimeric antigen receptor T-cells to overcome barriers of the solid tumor microenvironment.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- An inducible signal 1 booster overcomes limited access to antigen for solid tumor cell therapy.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Recent advances in molecular mechanisms to improve the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy for viral diseases, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Review
- Engineering the next generation of cellular therapies for solid tumors: multi-specific armored CARs and TME reprogramming strategies.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Advances, challenges, and innovative strategies of CAR-T cell therapy in pancreatic cancer.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Cellular immunotherapy in melanoma: the next frontier in cancer treatment.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Review
- CAR-T cell therapy in cancer immunotherapy - Biology, clinical successes, and emerging challenges: A review.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2026Review
- Next-generation CAR-T and CAR-NK cell therapies in hematologic malignancies: engineering for persistence, specificity, and safety.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Oncofetal antigens as emerging targets in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell-based immunotherapies: opportunities and challenges.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Editorial: Clinical translation and commercialisation of advanced therapy medicinal products, volume II.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- How can we balance risk and benefit of interleukin-18 armored T cell therapies?Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2026Review
- CAR-T cells in solid tumors: engineering, biomarkers, translational pathways and the road ahead.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Targeting solid tumors with TCR-T cells: mechanisms, progress, and challenges.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Harnessing cellular immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma: an integrated roadmap for overcoming resistance.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The evolving landscape of regulatory T cells in leukemia: from mechanisms to advanced immunotherapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- Smart control of CAR-T cells: emerging strategies for safer and more effective cancer immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Multi-Omics-Enabled Precision Strategies for Overcoming CAR-T Therapy Limitations in Gastrointestinal Malignancies.BioFactors (Oxford, England)Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a transformative immunotherapeutic approach, yet its application in solid tumors is hindered by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME restricts T-cell trafficking, impairs effector functions, and promotes exhaustion through soluble factors, metabolic stress, and suppressive cell populations. Recent efforts to enhance CAR T-cell efficacy have focused on armoring strategies that 'reprogram' and 'boost' T-cell responses within the TME. These include engineered expression of dominant-negative receptors or cytokine-releasing constructs (such as IL-12 and IL-18) to reshape the local immune milieu and improve T-cell effector function, synthetic Notch receptors for inducible gene expression, and chemokine receptor knock-ins to improve tumor infiltration. Additional approaches aim to modulate intrinsic metabolic pathways to improve CAR T-cell persistence under hypoxic or nutrient-deprived conditions. Armoring strategies that recruit bystander or endogenous immune cells also activate broader anti-tumor immunity that prevents antigen escape and may induce more durable anti-tumor responses. This review highlights the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which current armoring strategies enhance CAR T-cell functions in solid tumors, offering a perspective on improving immune cell engineering for overcoming the hurdles encountered in deploying these therapies against solid cancers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.