ArticleEnvironmental research2025
Estrogen-containing contraceptive use and blood lead concentrations in a cohort of premenopausal individuals.
Article in Environmental research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- An Epidemiologic Review of Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals and Understudied Gynecologic Health Conditions Affecting Quality of Life.Current environmental health reports · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
After exposure, toxic metal lead is stored in the skeleton and is mobilized to systemic circulation with bone turnover. Given the bone-conserving properties of estrogen, we investigated whether current use of estrogen-containing contraception is associated with lower blood lead concentrations. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using enrollment data from the Study of Environment, Lifestyle & Fibroids (SELF), a cohort of 1693 Black women ages 23-35 years enrolled in years 2010-2012. The study population was restricted to non-users of injectable hormonal contraception with questionnaire data on hormonal contraceptive use and laboratory data on whole blood lead concentrations (n = 1549). The geometric mean blood lead concentrations for current users of estrogen-containing contraception and non-users were 0.41 μg/dl (95 % CI: 0.39-0.43) and 0.51 μg/dl (95 % CI: 0.50-0.52), respectively. After adjusting for age, education, current smoking status, alcohol consumption, recency of injectable contraceptive hormone use, and recent birth using a multivariable linear regression model to estimate the percent difference in blood lead concentrations, current use of estrogen-containing contraception was associated with an 11 % lower blood-lead concentrations (95 % CI: -16 %, -5 %). In exploratory analyses considering contraceptive type, current combined oral contraceptive users (n = 187) had 10 % lower blood lead concentrations (95 % CI: -16 %, -4 %) and contraceptive vaginal ring/transdermal patch users (n = 33) had 18 % lower blood lead concentrations (95 % CI: -29 %, -5 %) compared with non-users. Given the known toxic effects of lead and the common use of estrogen-containing contraception, further research is warranted to confirm our observation of lower blood lead concentrations with current use of estrogen-containing contraception.
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