ReviewCell reports. Medicine2025
A foundational architecture for AI agents in healthcare.
Review in Cell reports. Medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- From assistance to autonomy: AI agent systems in cardiovascular medicine-a review of paradigms, architectures, and clinical translation.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Prompt Injection in Clinical Artificial Intelligence Systems: The Emerging Security Challenge of Large Language Models and Agentic AI.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- A five-phase evaluation framework for diagnostic and predictive medical artificial intelligence.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Multi-modal AI-enabled steatotic liver disease diagnostics using facial images and metabolomics.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- AI-based multimodal integration of genomics and electronic health records.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Medical AI Agents for Clinical Decision Support: Viewpoint Using the Planning, Action, Reflection, and Memory (PARM) Analytical Lens.JMIR medical informatics · 2026Article
- Big Data and Trustworthy AI for Heart Failure: A Review.Circulation. Heart failure · 2026Review
- Full-Body AI Agent: A Perspective on Multi-Scale Collaborative AI for Systemic Biology and Precision Medicine.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Rethinking scale in ophthalmic artificial intelligence: from bigger models to smarter clinical reasoning.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Review
- The next paradigm in bioinformatics: a review of multi-agent systems and foundational models for end-to-end scientific discovery.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Review
- Emerging Risks of AI-to-AI Interactions in Health Care: Lessons From Moltbook.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Is artificial intelligence a friend or foe to epidemiology?Annals of epidemiology · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence in nutritional oncology: From isolated screening tools to agentic intervention systems.Oncotarget · 2026Article
- Gas Vesicles and Acoustic Protein Nanostructures in Molecular Ultrasound Nanomedicine: Translational Archetypes, Biomaterial Design, and Barriers to Clinical Realization.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Medical AI across Data Regimes to Promote Proactive Health.Health data science · 2026Review
- Ethical issues in multi-agent AI systems for healthcare: a narrative review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Precision oncology: from large language models to multi-agent systems.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Medical AI agents represent a transformative paradigm in healthcare, distinguished from traditional AI by their autonomy, adaptability, and ability to manage complex tasks. This review introduces a conceptual framework for these agents built on four core components: planning, action, reflection, and memory. We examine the framework's application across key clinical domains, from enhancing diagnostic accuracy and personalizing treatment to guiding robotic surgery and enabling real-time patient monitoring. The review critically analyzes implementation challenges, including technical integration, clinician adoption, regulatory adaptation, and ethical considerations like data privacy and algorithmic bias. Future directions are explored, including the shift toward proactive, multi-agent collaborative systems and the visionary AI Agent Hospital concept. While these agents hold immense potential to revolutionize healthcare delivery by improving efficiency and patient outcomes, their successful and equitable integration hinges on navigating these profound technical, ethical, and regulatory hurdles.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.