ArticleCell reports2025
In vitro protocol demonstrating five functional steps of trained immunity in mice: Implications on biomarker discovery and translational research.
Article in Cell reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- How to Employ Trained Immunity and Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines to Inhibit Allergic Inflammation.Vaccines · 2026Review
- The interplay between recovery and immunity in infectious and non-communicable diseases.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Agent-specific training directs distinctive immune response againstFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Divergent macrophage responses to Influenza A virus andFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Trained Immunity in Bladder ILC3s Enhances Mucosal Defense Against Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We developed an in vitro methodology to study trained immunity using murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with β-glucan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Longitudinal analysis of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production demonstrates that trained macrophages secrete higher cytokine levels following primary stimulation with β-glucan compared to unstimulated macrophages (step 1). After a resting period, trained macrophages return to basal levels of cytokine production (step 2) but rapidly produce enhanced levels of IL-6 and TNF after secondary stimulation with LPS, compared to macrophages individually stimulated with either β-glucan (step 3) or LPS (step 4) alone. The combined cytokine production of macrophages after single stimulation with β-glucan (stimulus 1) and LPS (stimulus 2) is significantly lower than the cytokine levels produced by trained macrophages sequentially stimulated with both β-glucan and LPS (stimulus 1 + 2) (step 5). These results experimentally reproduce the distinctive functional stages that macrophages undergo during the training process.
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Registered trials
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