ArticleLasers in medical science2025
Photodynamic therapy with Rose Bengal against resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: effects on SmeDEF efflux gene expression.
Article in Lasers in medical science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is an opportunistic pathogen that has been implicated in causing infections such as pneumonia, bacteremia, and skin and soft-tissue infections, particularly in patients with compromised immune systems. The worldwide emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria continues to rise. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been investigated as a promising treatment for localized infections in response to the ever-growing problem of antimicrobial resistance. This research was designed to investigate the antibiotic resistance profile of S. maltophilia, confirm the effectiveness of aPDT with Rose Bengal against resistant isolates, and compare the expression of the smeDEF efflux pump gene before and after aPDT. A total of 139 S. maltophilia isolates were collected during 2023 to 2024 in this cross-sectional study. The isolates were identified using routine microbiological and biochemical methods and confirmed by molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 23 S rRNA gene. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using both Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and E-test methods, following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2024 guidelines. aPDT was applied to S. maltophilia strains resistant to ≥ 2 antibiotic classes, using Rose Bengal at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 µM, activated by green (530 nm) and blue (470 nm) diode lasers at fluences of 2 and 5 J/cm². The expression of the smeDEF gene was assessed using real-time PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed resistance rates of 6.4% to levofloxacin, 4.3% to minocycline, and 3.6% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). Four S. maltophilia isolates showed resistance to ≥ 2 antibiotic classes. aPDT with Rose Bengal activated by blue and green diode laser light inhibited growth in all but one resistant isolate, which grew under green light at a dose of 2 j/cm². Real-time PCR analysis revealed a 1.4-fold downregulation of the smeDEF gene in the S. maltophilia isolate resistant to five antibiotic classes following aPDT treatment, compared to the control. The current research discloses the increasing pattern of antibiotic resistance in S. maltophilia isolates in Iran. Yet, TMP/SMX is counted as the first option for the treatment of S. maltophilia infections. Furthermore, our findings suggest that, aPDT is an effective therapeutic approach for treating antibiotic-resistant S. maltophilia isolates.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41014369What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.