ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2026
Psychometric evaluation of a trans-addiction craving questionnaire: The Craving Assessment Scale for Behavioral Addictions and Substance-use Disorders (CASBAS).
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Predicting moments of impaired control over addictive behaviors: Relevance of craving and inhibitory control measured in laboratory and ambulatory settings.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2026Article
- Psychometric evaluation of a trans-addiction craving questionnaire: The Craving Assessment Scale for Behavioral Addictions and Substance-use Disorders (CASBAS).Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Article
- Craving as a transdiagnostic marker of addiction? A perspective for behavioral addictions.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsCraving is a central construct across different kinds of addictive disorders, but craving assessments are highly heterogeneous. Our aim was to develop a valid, standardized and short scale for assessing subjective feelings of acute craving for different substances and addictive behaviors using the same set of items. We aimed to test the resulting scale, the Craving Assessment Scale for Behavioral Addictions and Substance-use Disorders (CASBAS) for factor structure (proposing three factors: reward craving, relief craving, urgency) and validity (study 1) and sensitivity to changes in state craving perception (study 2).
designWe conducted two independent studies. Study 1 followed a correlative design to test for internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity. Study 2 used an experimental within-subjects design with two conditions including a craving induction and three repeated craving measures.
settingStudy 1 was conducted online. Study 2 took place in a German laboratory in individual sessions.
participantsParticipants were assigned to a survey (study 1) or condition (study 2) for one specific (potentially) addictive behavior (i.e. gaming, gambling, buying-shopping, pornography use, social network use, alcohol use, cannabis use and nicotine use) of those behaviors that they indicated that they felt they had used 'too much' in the past twelve months. Study 1: n = 1659 (58.5% female). Study 2: n = 287 (56.8% female). Samples were similarly distributed across the different behaviors. MEASUREMENTS: We used the CASBAS specified for the respective behavior plus convergent and divergent measures (study 1). In study 2, participants underwent an imagery-based neutral (i.e. brushing teeth) and behavior-specific (e.g. gaming/alcohol use) desire thinking task with CASBAS assessments before and after each task.
findingsIn study 1, the assumed three-factorial structure of the CASBAS was confirmed: the second-order model with a general craving factor fitted best, overall and per behavior (comparative fit indices and Tucker-Lewis indices > 0.95; standardized root mean square residuals < 0.04). The CASBAS proved to be valid by correlating highly with other craving measures (rs > 0.58) and lowly with divergent measures (rs < 0.10). Study 2 revealed significant differences in CASBAS ratings between measurements (i.e. craving decrease after neutral 'teeth brushing' condition and increase after addictive-behavior-specific condition), which indicates the CASBAS' sensitivity towards state changes.
conclusionsA newly developed short scale for measuring subjective feelings of acute craving [the Craving Assessment Scale for Behavioral Addictions and Substance-use Disorders (CASBAS)] appears to be a reliable and valid instrument, able to detect increases in craving when people are exposed to behavior-specific cues, and applicable across a range of addictive behaviors.
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