ReviewJournal of hematology & oncology2025
Combination immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: synergies among immune checkpoints, TKIs, and chemotherapy.
Review in Journal of hematology & oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Is PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor plus bevacizumab superior to sorafenib as first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma? A pooled analysis of four phase 3 RCTs.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Pooled it
- A dual-level Bayesian network meta-analysis of first-line immunotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: strategy-level and regimen-level evidence.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative efficacy and safety of first-line treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a Bayesian network meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Survival benefits of different immunotherapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis highlighting age, gender, etiology, and tumor burden.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Immunotherapy for virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: recent progress and future directions.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Ablation-immunotherapy synergy in cancer: mechanisms of the abscopal effect, emerging clinical applications, and translational roadmaps for next-generation onco-immunology.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Review
- Interventional Management of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis: Are There Differences Between East and West?Current oncology reports · 2026Review
- Defect-Engineered BiOAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Biological and Targeted Therapies in the Multidisciplinary Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers.Cancers · 2026Review
- A simplified MRI‑based risk score and nomogram to predict initial objective response in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with HAIC, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy: a multicenter study.Abdominal radiology (New York) · 2026Article
- β-glucan elicits APOE-dependent peripheral trained immunity to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Elevated TARDBP expression correlates with an unfavorable prognosis, immune evasion, and poor immune efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Virus infections and cancers: from mechanisms to therapeutics.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Sequential surgery following conversion therapy based on combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and antiangiogenic targeted drugs as a potential approach for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a prospective study.Journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2026Article
- Review
- Autophagy-promoted immunogenic cell death elicited by tyrosine kinase inhibitor orchestrates a synergistic immunotherapeutic microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Article
- Efficacy and safety of camrelizumab plus apatinib in advanced urachal cancer (RUN-SC-0102): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial in China.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Large Language Models for Cancer Immunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Redefining Liver Transplantation Indications for Hepatic Malignancies in the Era of Precision Transplant Oncology: An Up-to-Date Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Regulation of immune tolerance in hepatocellular carcinoma by liver diseases: a review.Infectious agents and cancer · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Combination therapy is rapidly becoming the cornerstone of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as a central strategy in systemic therapy, yet their efficacy as monotherapies remains limited. Consequently, combinatorial approaches, such as ICIs-Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), ICIs-chemotherapy, and dual ICI regimens, are gaining momentum. While clinical trials have established efficacy benchmarks, mechanistic insights remain scarce, partly due to the limitations of current preclinical models in mimicking the complex tumor microenvironment (TME). Given the substantial heterogeneity of HCC, spanning genetic, transcriptomic, and immunologic dimensions, treatment outcomes vary widely. Additional factors such as gut microbiota and epigenetic modifications further influence therapeutic response and resistance. Although PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 inhibitors are widely used, unresponsiveness is common. Novel targets such as LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT, and VISTA, as well as strategies to reprogram fibrotic and immunosuppressive TME, are under active investigation. Ultimately, translating basic insights into personalized therapy will depend on predictive biomarkers and integrated analyses that account for the complex interactions among tumor cells, the immune system, and the TME. This review synthesizes current knowledge and cellular mechanisms underpinning combination therapies, highlights therapeutic synergies, and discusses emerging directions for stratified treatment in HCC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.