Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41013110›Full record

ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025

A Hybrid Deep Learning Framework for Fault Diagnosis in Milling Machines.

Muhammad Farooq Siddique, Wasim Zaman, Muhammad Umar, Jae-Young Kim, Jong-Myon Kim

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Muhammad Farooq SiddiqueDepartment of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0009-0005-5807-7056
Wasim ZamanDepartment of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0009-0002-0268-4103
Muhammad UmarDepartment of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0009-0009-1060-9104
Jae-Young KimPD Technology Co., Ltd., Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea.
Jong-Myon KimDepartment of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0002-5185-1062

Funding

Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy RS-2023-00259648
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This paper presents a hybrid fault-diagnosis framework for milling cutting tools designed to address three persistent challenges in industrial monitoring: noisy vibration signals, limited fault labels, and variability across operating conditions. The framework begins by removing baseline drift from raw signals to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Logarithmic continuous wavelet scalograms are then constructed to provide precise time-frequency localization and reveal fault-related harmonics. To enhance feature clarity, a Canny edge operator is applied, suppressing minor artifacts and reducing intra-class variation so that key diagnostic structures are emphasized. Feature representation is obtained through a dual-branch encoder, where one pathway captures localized patterns while the other preserves long-range dependencies, resulting in compact and discriminative fault descriptors. These descriptors are integrated by an ensemble decision mechanism that assigns validation-guided weights to individual learners, ensuring reliable fault identification, improved robustness under noise, and stable performance across diverse operating conditions. Experimental validation on real-world cutting tool data demonstrates an accuracy of 99.78%, strong resilience to environmental noise, and consistent diagnostic performance under variable conditions. The framework remains lightweight, scalable, and readily deployable, providing a practical solution for high-precision tool fault diagnosis in data-constrained industrial environments.

Indexed as

acoustic emission signalscanny edge filtercondition monitoringfault diagnosishybrid deep learning modelhybrid feature extractionmilling machine

Identifiers

PMID41013110
PMCPMC12473162

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.