Sensing What You Do Not See: Alerting of Approaching Objects with a Haptic Vest.

Workplace accidents in high-risk environments remain a major safety concern, particularly when workers' visual and auditory channels are overloaded. Haptic feedback offers a promising alternative for alerting individuals to unseen dangers and enhancing situational awareness. Motivated by challenges commonly observed in construction, this study investigates haptic alerting strategies applicable across dynamic, attentionally demanding contexts. We present two empirical experiments exploring how wearable vibration cues can inform users about approaching objects outside their field of view. The first experiment evaluated variations of pattern-based vibrations to simulate motion and examined the relationship between signal parameters and perceived urgency. A negative correlation between urgency and pulse duration emerged, identifying a key design factor. The second experiment conducted a novel comparison of pattern-based and location-based haptic alerts in a complex virtual environment, with tasks designed to simulate cognitive engagement with work processes. Results indicate that location-based alerts were more efficient for hazard detection. These findings offer insights into the design of effective user-centred haptic-based safety systems and provide a foundation for future development and deployment in real-world settings. This work contributes a generalisable step toward wearable alerting technologies for safety-critical occupations, including but not limited to construction.