Synergistic Enhancement of Humoral and Cellular Immunity in Attenuated Live Vaccines Using Chemical Nanoadjuvants: Evaluation of Sustained-Release Formulations.

Jianli Shi, Chang Liu, Chen Li, Jun Li

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Veterinary sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Jianli ShiKey Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of Agriculture and Reral Affairs, Shandong Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Biologicals Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.

Chang LiuKey Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of Agriculture and Reral Affairs, Shandong Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Biologicals Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.

Chen LiKey Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of Agriculture and Reral Affairs, Shandong Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Biologicals Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.

Jun LiKey Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of Agriculture and Reral Affairs, Shandong Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Biologicals Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.

Funding

Shandong Province Pig Industry Technology System SDAIT-08-06

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Achieving a balance between enhancing both humoral and cellular immunity while ensuring sustained release for attenuated live vaccines has long been a challenge in the vaccine industry. However, the incorporation of chemical materials as nanoadjuvants has emerged as a promising strategy to address this challenge. In this study, a novel nano-adjuvant with sustained release properties was developed by combining polyethylene glycol (PEG) and other biochemical and molecular biology agents with CpG. The efficacy of this adjuvant was assessed using the widely applied CSF attenuated live vaccine. The body temperature and relative daily weight gain results demonstrated the safety of the formulations. Importantly, the combination of CpG immune enhancers and sustained-release agents led to a synergistic augmentation of both humoral and cellular immune responses. Specifically, the combination of PEG20000 and benzoic acid, along with Seppic white oil, significantly enhanced humoral immunity. In contrast, the combination of total white oil, PEG6000 and benzoic acid demonstrated superior efficacy in promoting cellular immunity. This study offers important insights into enhancing vaccine efficacy through novel adjuvant combinations, which can be applied to the development of more effective vaccines in the future.

Indexed as

adjuvantsCpGCSFV vaccinessustained-release agents

Identifiers

PMID41012824

DOI10.3390/vetsci12090899

PMCPMC12474088

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LicenceCC BY

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.